Table 3.
Unadjusted odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of the associations between PA, demographic and lifestyle characteristics and breakfast consumption among adolescents who participated in NHANES, 2007–2008
| Breakfast consumer | ||
|---|---|---|
| Demographic and lifestyle variables | OR | 95 % CI |
| Meets PA recommendations for age | ||
| Yes | 1·19 | 0·83, 1·70 |
| No | 1·00 | Referent |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 0·93 | 0·61, 1·41 |
| Male | 1·00 | Referent |
| Age (years) | ||
| 12–15 | 1·67 | 1·17, 2·39 |
| 16–19 | 1·00 | Referent |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1·00 | Referent |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0·57 | 0·39, 0·83 |
| Hispanic | 1·15 | 0·78, 1·70 |
| Other | 1·60 | 0·68, 3·75 |
| Annual household income | ||
| <$US 25 000 | 0·54 | 0·33, 0·88 |
| $US 25 000–49 999 | 0·61 | 0·42, 0·88 |
| ≥$US 50 000 | 1·00 | Referent |
| Household food security | ||
| Full | 1·00 | Referent |
| Marginal | 0·59 | 0·38, 0·92 |
| Low | 0·62 | 0·38, 1·02 |
| Very low | 0·68 | 0·39, 1·18 |
| Education level of parent | ||
| <High school | 0·89 | 0·68, 1·17 |
| High school | 0·75 | 0·48, 1·17 |
| >High school | 1·00 | Referent |
| Missing | 1·2 | 0·40, 4·98 |
| Education level of parent's spouse | ||
| <High school | 1·07 | 0·63, 1·82 |
| High school | 0·60 | 0·36, 0·98 |
| >High school | 1·00 | Referent |
| Missing | 0·54 | 0·32, 0·90 |
| Marital status of parent | ||
| Married | 1·00 | Referent |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 0·80 | 0·45, 1·42 |
| Single | 0·44 | 0·25, 0·77 |
| Living with partner | 0·76 | 0·32, 1·79 |
| Missing | 0·28 | 0·10, 0·75 |
| Tobacco/nicotine use in last 5 d | ||
| Yes | 0·50 | 0·24, 1·03 |
| No | 1·00 | Referent |
| Missing | 1·09 | 0·41, 2·89 |
| Receives school lunch | ||
| Always (5 d/week) | 1·00 | 0·60, 1·68 |
| Sometimes (1–4 d/week) | 0·69 | 0·36, 1·29 |
| Never (0 d/week) | 1·00 | Referent |
| Missing | 0·85 | 0·49, 1·47 |
| Trying to lose weight? | ||
| Yes | 0·94 | 0·58, 1·53 |
| No | 1·00 | Referent |
| Missing | 1·83 | 0·89, 3·76 |
| BMI* | ||
| Normal weight (<85th percentile) | 1·00 | Referent |
| Overweight (85th–95th percentile) | 0·74 | 0·38, 1·42 |
| Obese (≥95th percentile) | 0·79 | 0·52, 1·20 |
PA, physical activity; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
*To determine weight status in children and adolescents aged 2–19 years, BMI was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in metres (kg/m2) and this number was then compared on a standardized growth chart. Children and adolescents who were at the 85th but below the 95th percentile were considered overweight; those at or above the 95th percentile were considered obese.