Table 2.
Associations of potential predictors of weight and waist circumference at baseline*: adults with data at baseline (1990–1994) and wave 2 (2003–2007), Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study
| Weight at baseline (kg) | Waist circumference at baseline (cm) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | se | P value | β | se | P value | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| Female | −4·66 | 0·41 | <0·001 | −11·64 | 0·39 | <0·001 |
| Age at baseline attendance (per 10 years) | 0·50 | 0·17 | 0·004 | 1·92 | 0·16 | <0·001 |
| Country of birth | ||||||
| Australia/New Zealand/UK | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| Greece/Italy | 1·82 | 0·20 | <0·001 | 2·15 | 0·19 | <0·001 |
| Follow-up time (per year) | 0·26 | 0·11 | 0·02 | 0·30 | 0·10 | 0·004 |
| Education level | ||||||
| Primary, some high/technical school | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| Completed high school | −1·13 | 0·37 | 0·002 | −1·27 | 0·35 | <0·001 |
| Completed tertiary degree/diploma | −2·61 | 0·36 | <0·001 | −2·61 | 0·34 | <0·001 |
| Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage | ||||||
| 1st quintile (most disadvantaged) | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| 2nd quintile | −1·26 | 0·51 | 0·01 | −1·40 | 0·48 | 0·004 |
| 3rd quintile | −1·54 | 0·51 | 0·003 | −1·95 | 0·48 | <0·001 |
| 4th quintile | −2·02 | 0·50 | <0·001 | −2·29 | 0·47 | <0·001 |
| 5th quintile (least disadvantaged) | −2·74 | 0·48 | <0·001 | −3·12 | 0·45 | <0·001 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| Single | −0·76 | 0·50 | 0·13 | −0·60 | 0·47 | 0·20 |
| Divorced | −0·19 | 0·53 | 0·72 | −0·66 | 0·50 | 0·19 |
| De facto | 0·20 | 0·93 | 0·83 | −0·06 | 0·87 | 0·95 |
| Widowed | −0·38 | 0·62 | 0·54 | −0·06 | 0·58 | 0·92 |
| Separated | −2·55 | 0·98 | 0·009 | −1·98 | 0·92 | 0·03 |
| Height (per 10 cm) | 6·76 | 0·23 | <0·001 | 1·78 | 0·21 | <0·001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg) | 1·76 | 0·13 | <0·001 | 1·62 | 0·12 | <0·001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg) | 1·24 | 0·09 | <0·001 | 1·13 | 0·08 | <0·001 |
| Pulse (per 10 beats/min) | 0·92 | 0·15 | <0·001 | 1·03 | 0·14 | <0·001 |
| Walking | ||||||
| None | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| 1–2 times/week | −0·33 | 0·37 | 0·37 | −0·45 | 0·35 | 0·19 |
| ≥3 times/week | −1·19 | 0·31 | <0·001 | −1·16 | 0·29 | <0·001 |
| Physical activity score | ||||||
| 0 | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| 1–3 | −1·39 | 0·44 | 0·001 | −1·19 | 0·41 | 0·004 |
| 4–5 | −2·20 | 0·40 | <0·001 | −1·68 | 0·37 | <0·001 |
| ≥6 | −3·79 | 0·42 | <0·001 | −3·84 | 0·40 | <0·001 |
| Exercise† | ||||||
| None | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| Less vigorous only (≥once/week) | −1·34 | 0·33 | <0·001 | −1·35 | 0·31 | <0·001 |
| Vigorous (≥once/week) | −2·82 | 0·35 | <0·001 | −2·93 | 0·33 | <0·001 |
| Moderate/heavy activity at work | ||||||
| No | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| Yes | −0·55 | 0·45 | 0·23 | −1·12 | 0·42 | 0·008 |
| Moderate/heavy activity at home | ||||||
| No | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| Yes | −0·05 | 0·29 | 0·87 | −0·05 | 0·27 | 0·84 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| Past | 0·45 | 0·30 | 0·13 | 0·37 | 0·28 | 0·19 |
| Total alcohol | ||||||
| Lifetime abstainers | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| 0·1–19·9 g/d | −1·10 | 0·33 | 0·001 | −0·74 | 0·31 | 0·02 |
| 20·0–39·9 g/d | −1·60 | 0·48 | 0·001 | −0·68 | 0·45 | 0·13 |
| ≥40·0 g/d | 0·06 | 0·62 | 0·93 | 0·77 | 0·58 | 0·19 |
| Alcohol-specific‡ | ||||||
| Lifetime abstainers | 0 | Ref. | 0 | Ref. | ||
| Beer | −0·38 | 0·38 | 0·31 | 0·44 | 0·35 | 0·21 |
| Wine | −1·22 | 0·32 | <0·001 | −0·77 | 0·31 | 0·01 |
| Spirits | −0·76 | 0·36 | 0·03 | −0·50 | 0·34 | 0·14 |
| Energy intake (MJ/d) | 0·04 | 0·05 | 0·42 | 0·06 | 0·04 | 0·15 |
| Protein (per 10 % of energy) | 2·87 | 0·54 | <0·001 | 2·45 | 0·48 | <0·001 |
| Fat (per 10 % of energy) | 1·61 | 0·26 | <0·001 | 1·59 | 0·23 | <0·001 |
| Carbohydrates (per 10 % of energy) | −1·51 | 0·22 | <0·001 | −1·58 | 0·19 | <0·001 |
| Fibre (per 1 MJ of energy) | −0·52 | 0·16 | 0·001 | −0·81 | 0·14 | <0·001 |
β, coefficient; Ref., referent category.
*Adjusted for sex, height, age, highest level of education (pseudo-continuous), physical activity score (pseudo-continuous), marital status (married/de facto v. single/divorced/widowed/separated), Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (pseudo-continuous), smoking status and dietary energy intake at baseline attendance.
†Participants in the vigorous exercise group may have also reported doing less vigorous exercise.
‡Participants in the alcohol-specific groups may have also reported drinking other types of alcoholic beverages.