Table 2.
Vitamin D intakes (total, dietary and supplemental) of US adults aged ≥19 years by income, gender and race/ethnicity, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2010*,†,‡,§,||
| Total population | Hispanic (x) | NH White (y) | NH Black (z) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| μg/d | se | n | μg/d | se | n | μg/d | se | n | μg/d | se | n | Difference by row | |
| Total intake by income | |||||||||||||
| All | 8·6 | 0·3 | 9719 | 8·1 | 0·3 | 2735 | 10·6 | 0·4 | 5005 | 7·1 | 0·3 | 1979 | x<y, x>z, y>z |
| Low (a) | 8·0 | 0·3 | 3128 | 7·6 | 0·5 | 1195 | 9·4 | 0·5 | 1320 | 6·9 | 0·4 | 613 | y>z |
| Medium (b) | 7·9 | 0·3 | 1326 | 8·2 | 0·5 | 430 | 9·7 | 0·7 | 561 | 5·8 | 0·4 | 335 | x>z, y>z |
| High (c) | 10·0 | 0·3 | 5265 | 8·7 | 0·3 | 1110 | 12·7 | 0·4 | 3124 | 8·5 | 0·5 | 1031 | x<y, y>z |
| Difference by column | a<c, b<c | a<c, b<c | b<c | ||||||||||
| Dietary intake by income | |||||||||||||
| All | 4·4 | 0·1 | 9719 | 4·7 | 0·2 | 2735 | 4·8 | 0·1 | 5005 | 3·5 | 0·1 | 1979 | x>z, y>z |
| Low (a) | 4·3 | 0·1 | 3128 | 4·4 | 0·2 | 1195 | 4·9 | 0·3 | 1320 | 3·7 | 0·2 | 613 | y>z |
| Medium (b) | 4·2 | 0·1 | 1326 | 4·9 | 0·3 | 430 | 4·5 | 0·3 | 561 | 3·0 | 0·2 | 335 | x>z, y>z |
| High (c) | 4·6 | 0·1 | 5265 | 4·8 | 0·2 | 1110 | 5·1 | 0·1 | 3124 | 4·0 | 0·2 | 1031 | y>z |
| Difference by column | b<c | b<c | |||||||||||
| Supplemental intake by income | |||||||||||||
| All | 4·3 | 0·3 | 9719 | 3·4 | 0·3 | 2736 | 5·8 | 0·3 | 5005 | 3·6 | 0·3 | 1979 | x<y, y>z |
| Low (a) | 3·7 | 0·2 | 3128 | 3·2 | 0·4 | 1196 | 4·5 | 0·4 | 1320 | 3·3 | 0·4 | 613 | |
| Medium (b) | 3·8 | 0·3 | 1326 | 3·3 | 0·5 | 430 | 5·2 | 0·6 | 561 | 2·8 | 0·4 | 335 | |
| High (c) | 5·4 | 0·3 | 5265 | 3·9 | 0·3 | 1110 | 7·7 | 0·4 | 3124 | 4·5 | 0·4 | 1031 | x<y, y>z |
| Difference by column | a<c, b<c | a<c, b<c | b<c | ||||||||||
| Total intake by gender | |||||||||||||
| Male (a) | 8·1 | 0·2 | 4840 | 8·1 | 0·4 | 1340 | 9·8 | 0·5 | 2526 | 6·6 | 0·4 | 974 | x<y, y>z |
| Female (b) | 9·1 | 0·3 | 4879 | 7·7 | 0·3 | 1395 | 11·8 | 0·6 | 2479 | 7·6 | 0·4 | 1005 | x<y, y>z |
| Difference by column | a<b | ||||||||||||
| Dietary intake by gender | |||||||||||||
| Male (a) | 4·9 | 0·1 | 4840 | 5·1 | 0·2 | 1340 | 5·6 | 0·2 | 2526 | 3·9 | 0·2 | 974 | x>z, y>z |
| Female (b) | 3·8 | 0·1 | 4879 | 4·1 | 0·2 | 1395 | 4·0 | 0·1 | 2479 | 3·2 | 0·2 | 1005 | y>z |
| Difference by column | a>b | a>b | a>b | ||||||||||
| Supplemental intake by gender | |||||||||||||
| Male (a) | 3·3 | 0·2 | 4840 | 3·0 | 0·3 | 1340 | 4·1 | 0·4 | 2526 | 2·7 | 0·3 | 974 | y>z |
| Female (b) | 5·3 | 0·2 | 4879 | 3·6 | 0·3 | 1395 | 7·8 | 0·5 | 2479 | 4·4 | 0·3 | 1005 | x<y, y>z |
| Difference by column | a<b | a<b | a<b | ||||||||||
NH, Non-Hispanic.
*
Values are means with their standard errors.
†
Income categorized by poverty income ratio (PIR), with ≤131 % of PIR = low income, >131 % to ≤185 % of PIR = medium income and >185 % of PIR = high income.
‡
Multiple comparisons by PIR were adjusted for age and gender. Tukey–Kramer adjustment was used for control for the family-wise error.
§
Multiple comparisons by gender were adjusted for age and PIR. Tukey–Kramer adjustment was used for control for the family-wise error.
||
Significant differences by row or column groups indicated by letter: P < 0·05.