Table 2.
Univariable associations between lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant women who did not start taking folic acid supplements before conception; DELIVER multi-centre, prospective, population-based cohort study, the Netherlands, 2009 and 2010
| No preconception use of folic acid | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total N* | n | % | OR | 95 % CI |
| Overall | 5975 | 2657 | 44·5 | ||
| Age | |||||
| ≤25 years | 838 | 522 | 62·3 | 2·4 | 2·1, 2·8† |
| 26–35 years | 4340 | 1755 | 40·0 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| ≥36 years | 791 | 376 | 47·5 | 1·3 | 1·1, 1·6† |
| Partner | |||||
| Yes | 5871 | 2578 | 43·9 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| No | 99 | 78 | 78·8 | 4·7 | 2·9, 7·7† |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Dutch | 4999 | 2049 | 41·0 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| Other Western | 449 | 240 | 53·5 | 1·7 | 1·4, 2·0† |
| Non-Western | 506 | 360 | 71·1 | 3·6 | 2·9, 4·3† |
| Religion | |||||
| None/don't want to say | 3584 | 1423 | 39·7 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| Catholic | 623 | 255 | 40·9 | 1·1 | 0·9, 1·3 |
| Protestant | 1388 | 700 | 50·4 | 1·5 | 1·4, 1·8† |
| Other‡ | 360 | 265 | 73·6 | 4·2 | 3·3, 5·4† |
| Educational level | |||||
| Low | 897 | 540 | 60·2 | 2·6 | 2·2, 3·0† |
| Medium | 2147 | 1025 | 47·7 | 1·5 | 1·4, 1·7† |
| High | 2924 | 1087 | 37·2 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| Employed | |||||
| Yes | 5104 | 2055 | 40·3 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| No | 864 | 598 | 69·2 | 3·3 | 2·9, 3·9† |
| Region | |||||
| North | 1494 | 644 | 43·1 | 1·0 | 0·9, 1·2 |
| East | 1813 | 775 | 42·7 | 1·0 | 0·8, 1·2 |
| South | 866 | 372 | 43·0 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| West | 1802 | 866 | 48·1 | 1·2 | 1·0, 1·4† |
| Parity | |||||
| Nulliparous | 2729 | 1067 | 39·1 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| Multiparous | 3232 | 1584 | 49·0 | 1·5 | 1·4, 1·7† |
| General state of health | |||||
| Excellent or (very good) | 5243 | 2271 | 43·3 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| Moderate or poor | 728 | 385 | 52·9 | 1·5 | 1·3, 1·7† |
| Ability to influence own health | |||||
| Quite a lot or a lot | 5060 | 2113 | 41·8 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| Not at all or hardly | 895 | 531 | 59·3 | 2·0 | 1·8, 2·4† |
| Smoking during pregnancy | |||||
| No | 5426 | 2316 | 42·7 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| Yes | 549 | 341 | 62·1 | 2·2 | 1·8, 2·6† |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | |||||
| No | 5313 | 2302 | 43·3 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| Yes | 655 | 350 | 53·4 | 1·5 | 1·3, 1·8† |
| BMI before pregnancy | |||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 3961 | 1698 | 42·9 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| 25–30 kg/m2 | 1222 | 551 | 45·1 | 1·1 | 1·0, 1·2 |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 436 | 211 | 48·4 | 1·3 | 1·0, 1·5† |
| Physical activity ≥5 d/week | |||||
| Yes | 2582 | 1123 | 43·5 | 1·0 | Ref. |
| No | 3298 | 1472 | 44·6 | 1·0 | 0·9, 1·2 |
Ref., referent category.
*Denominator varies due to missing values for some variables (ninety-five for physical activity, 356 for BMI, and zero to twenty-one for remaining variables).
†Statistically significant (P < 0·05).
‡Other religions include Humanism, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism and Buddhism.