Table 4.
The associations of daily consumption of fresh vegetables, daily consumption of fruit and consumption of berries at least twice weekly with high plasma vitamin C concentration in Pitkäranta, Republic of Karelia, Russia in 1997 and 2002 and in North Karelia, Finland in 1992, 1997 and 2002. Adjusted for vegetable, fruit and berry consumption. The reference category comprised the middle and lowest vitamin C tertiles
| Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Pitkäranta | ||||||
| Men§ | ||||||
| 1997 | ||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 1·02 | 0·43, 2·43 | 1·06 | 0·44, 2·52 | 1·06 | 0·44, 2·54 |
| Fruit | 3·40 | 1·30, 8·93 | 3·27 | 1·24, 8·61 | 3·03 | 1·14, 8·05 |
| Berries | 0·48 | 0·14, 1·58 | 0·46 | 0·14, 1·54 | 0·43 | 0·13, 1·43 |
| 2002 | ||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 0·95 | 0·41, 2·19 | 0·99 | 0·42, 2·30 | 0·94 | 0·38, 2·35 |
| Fruit | 3·55 | 1·71, 7·35 | 4·08 | 1·92, 8·67 | 4·10 | 1·78, 9·45 |
| Berries | 1·54 | 0·51, 4·61 | 1·49 | 0·48, 4·57 | 1·47 | 0·44, 4·94 |
| 1997 and 2002 | ||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 1·03 | 0·57, 1·86 | 1·06 | 0·58, 1·93 | 1·06 | 0·57, 1·96 |
| Fruit | 3·29 | 1·86, 5·83 | 3·45 | 1·94, 6·15 | 3·20 | 1·77, 5·80 |
| Berries | 0·86 | 0·39, 1·88 | 0·82 | 0·37, 1·82 | 0·74 | 0·33, 1·64 |
| Women | ||||||
| 1997 | ||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 2·12 | 1·16, 3·88 | 2·17 | 1·18, 3·99 | 2·03 | 1·09, 3·77 |
| Fruit | 4·45 | 2·40, 8·26 | 4·25 | 2·26, 8·01 | 3·89 | 2·05, 7·40 |
| Berries | 1·16 | 0·55, 2·43 | 1·18 | 0·56, 2·48 | 1·16 | 0·55, 2·45 |
| 2002 | ||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 1·35 | 0·74, 2·47 | 1·39 | 0·76, 2·57 | 1·33 | 0·72, 2·47 |
| Fruit | 2·20 | 1·26, 3·82 | 2·16 | 1·24, 3·78 | 2·08 | 1·19, 3·66 |
| Berries | 1·44 | 0·73, 2·86 | 1·54 | 0·77, 3·07 | 1·45 | 0·72, 2·92 |
| 1997 and 2002 | ||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 1·69 | 1·11, 2·58 | 1·76 | 1·15, 2·70 | 1·65 | 1·07, 2·55 |
| Fruit | 2·85 | 1·91, 4·25 | 2·74 | 1·83, 4·09 | 2·60 | 1·73, 3·91 |
| Berries | 1·25 | 0·76, 2·05 | 1·31 | 0·79, 2·06 | 1·25 | 0·75, 2·07 |
| North Karelia | ||||||
| Men | ||||||
| 1992 | ||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 1·70 | 0·93, 3·11 | 1·72 | 0·93, 3·16 | 1·57 | 0·85, 2·93 |
| Fruit | 2·04 | 1·09, 3·85 | 2·02 | 1·06, 3·83 | 2·03 | 1·07, 3·86 |
| Berries | 0·76 | 0·41, 1·41 | 0·96 | 0·50, 1·85 | 0·96 | 0·50, 1·85 |
| 1997 | ||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 1·17 | 0·61, 2·27 | 1·24 | 0·63, 2·41 | 1·01 | 0·51, 2·04 |
| Fruit | 2·37 | 1·25, 4·48 | 2·39 | 1·26, 4·54 | 2·27 | 1·19, 4·35 |
| Berries | 0·62 | 0·31, 1·23 | 0·72 | 0·35, 1·47 | 0·69 | 0·33, 1·41 |
| 2002 | ||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 1·44 | 1·00, 2·09 | 1·44 | 0·99, 2·08 | 1·43 | 0·97, 2·09 |
| Fruit | 1·29 | 0·90, 1·86 | 1·30 | 0·90, 1·88 | 1·33 | 0·92, 1·92 |
| Berries | 0·85 | 0·58, 1·24 | 0·87 | 0·59, 1·29 | 0·90 | 0·61, 1·34 |
| 1992, 1997 and 2002 | ||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 1·44 | 1·08, 1·91 | 1·43 | 1·08, 1·90 | 1·35 | 1·01, 1·81 |
| Fruit | 1·59 | 1·20, 2·11 | 1·61 | 1·22, 2·14 | 1·62 | 1·22, 2·15 |
| Berries | 0·78 | 0·58, 1·04 | 0·85 | 0·63, 1·15 | 0·86 | 0·64, 1·17 |
| Women | ||||||
| 2002 | ||||||
| Fresh vegetables | 0·92 | 0·63, 1·35 | 0·91 | 0·62, 1·34 | 0·89 | 0·60, 1·32 |
| Fruit | 1·50 | 1·02, 2·20 | 1·49 | 1·02, 2·20 | 1·49 | 1·01, 2·19 |
| Berries | 1·22 | 0·86, 1·73 | 1·18 | 0·82, 1·70 | 1·20 | 0·83, 1·73 |
*Model 1 was adjusted for the consumption of fresh vegetables, fruit and berries.
†Model 2 was adjusted for age and the consumption of fresh vegetables, fruit and berries.
‡Model 3 was adjusted for age, education and the consumption of fresh vegetables, fruit and berries.
§The data from Pitkäranta in 1992 were omitted from the logistic regression analyses because of the skewed distribution in plasma vitamin C concentration.