Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample according to the number and type of cohabiting adults: 12 350 children from eight European countries participating in the IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants) study
Both parents (n 9537) | Mother or father (n 1786) | One parent and new partner (n 475) | 50 % mother, 50 % father (n 238) | Grandparents (n 124) | Other (n 190) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | P | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Age (years) | 7·8 | 7·7, 7·8 | 8·0a | 7·9, 8·1 | 8·5a,b | 8·3, 8·6 | 8·2a | 7·9, 8·4 | 7·9 | 7·6, 8·3 | 7·9c | 7·7, 8·2 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Boys (%) | 49·9 | 50·4 | 45·9 | 49·6 | 50·8 | 46·8 | 0·553 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Birth weight (g) | 3347 | 3335, 3358 | 3252a,c,d | 3324, 3280 | 3366 | 3312, 3420 | 3382 | 3303, 3460 | 3264 | 3175, 3352 | 3283 | 3187, 3378 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Height (cm) | 128·4 | 128·1, 128·6 | 129·3a,c | 128·8, 129·9 | 132·1a | 131·1, 133·2 | 130·3 | 128·7, 131·9 | 129·2 | 126·9, 131·4 | 130·2 | 128·4, 132·1 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Weight (kg) | 28·7 | 28·5, 28·9 | 30·3a | 29·9, 30·8 | 30·2a | 29·5, 31·1 | 29·3e | 28·1, 30·4 | 32·4a | 30·3, 34·4 | 30·4 | 28·8, 32·0 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
WC (cm) | 58·2 | 58·0, 58·3 | 60·0a,e | 59·6, 60·4 | 59·0e | 58·2, 59·6 | 58·6e | 57·6, 59·6 | 63·0a | 61·0, 64·9 | 59·5e | 58·0, 61·0 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SST (mm) | 20·6 | 20·4, 20·8 | 22·6a,c,e | 22·1, 23·1 | 20·6e | 19·7, 21·4 | 20·6e | 19·3, 21·8 | 25·8a | 23·3, 28·3 | 22·3 | 20·6, 24·0 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ow/Ob (%) | 21·9 | 29·7 | 17·5 | 20·6 | 41·9 | 26·8 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Home meal frequency (%) | 77·2 | 78·2 | 72·1 | 75·3 | 78·6 | 70·9 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Practice of sport (%) | 61·2 | 51·8 | 56·9 | 63·2 | 44·2 | 47·3 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parental education | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Low (%) | 60·2 | 29·9 | 4·2 | 0·9 | 2·2 | 2·5 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Medium (%) | 75·5 | 14·8 | 4·9 | 2·1 | 1·1 | 1·7 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
High (%) | 82·9 | 10·8 | 2·5 | 1·9 | 0·7 | 1·2 | <0·001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parental overweight (%) | 72·8 | 79·9 | 70·9 | 66·7 | 83·5 | 82·6 | <0·001 |
WC, waist circumference; SST, sum of skinfold thicknesses; Ow/Ob, overweight or obesity.
Data are presented as means and 95 % confidence intervals or frequency, as appropriate.
Multiple comparisons (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc correction): a P < 0·05 v. both parents; b P < 0·05 v. mother or father; c P < 0·05 v. one parent and new partner; d P < 0·05 v. 50 % mother, 50 % father; e P < 0·05 v. grandparents.