Table 1. Cardiovascular outcomes and risk reduction in different coffee subtypes and overall coffee intake.

Cardiovascular Outcomes	Ground Coffee		Instant Coffee		Decaffeinated Coffee		Overall Coffee Intake
	n = 82575	%	n = 198062	%	n = 68416	%	n = 349053
Arrhythmia	5872	7.0	16696	8.4	6737	9.8
AF/flutter	3269	3.9	9273	4.7	3889	5.7
CVD	8670	10.5	29751	15	9904	14.5
CHD	7154	8.6	25051	12.6
CCF	1976	2.3	7029	3.5	2263	3.3
Stroke	1114	1.3	3707	1.8	1224	1.7
Mortality	4511	5.5	15365	7.7	7434	10.9
Risk reduction effect
Arrhythmia	1–5 cups/day		2–3 cups/day 0.85–0.92 (HR 0.88, CI [0.85–0.92]				2–3 cups/day (HR 0.91, CI [0.88–0.94], P < 0.0001)
AF/flutter	1–5 cups/day		4–5 cups/day (HR 0.85, CI [0.79–0.91], P < 0.0001)				4–5 cups/day (HR 0.88, CI [0.83–0.94], P < 0.0001)
SVT	2–5 cups/day		4–5 cups/day (HR 0.75, CI [0.63–0.88], P = 0.0005)
VT/VF	2–5 cups/day						4–5 cups/day (HR 0.83, CI [0.70–0.97], P = 0.0201)
CVD	up to 5 cups/day		2–3 cups/day (HR 0.91, CI [0.88–0.94], P < 0.0001)		2–3 cups/day (HR 0.94, CI [0.90–0.99], P = 0.0093)		5 cups/day
CHD	up to 5 cups/day		2–3 cups/day (HR 0.91, CI [0.88–0.94], P < 0.0001)		2–3 cups/day (HR 0.94, CI [0.89–0.99], P = 0.0127)		2–3 cups/day (HR 0.89, CI [0.86–0.91], P < 0.0001).
CCF	up to 5 cups/day				2–3 cups/day (HR 0.86, CI [0.79–0.94], P = 0.0004)		2–3 cups/day (HR 0.83, (CI [0.79–0.87], P < 0.0001)
All-cause mortality	2–3 cups/day (HR 0.73, CI [0.69–0.78], P < 0.0001)		2–3 cups/day (HR 0.89, CI [0.86–0.93], P < 0.0001)		2–3 cups/day (HR 0.86, CI [0.80–0.91], P < 0.0001)		2–3 cups/day (HR 0.86, CI [0.83–0.89], P < 0.0001)
CV mortality	4–5 cups/day (HR 0.65, CI [0.51–0.83], P < 0.0001)				1–3 cups/day (HR 0.74, CI [0.61–0.89], P = 0.0012)		1 cup/day (HR 0.82, CI [0.74–0.90], P 0.0001)