Table 2.
Data for each questionnaire: Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX).
|
|
Novice group, mean (SD) | Intermediate group, mean (SD) | Experienced group, mean (SD) | All groups, mean (SD) | Scale | P valuea | |||||||
| IPQ | |||||||||||||
|
|
General presence | 5.95 (0.78) | 5.89 (0.74) | 6.15 (0.80) | 6.00 (0.14) | 1-7 | .64 | ||||||
|
|
Realness | 4.59 (0.74) | 4.33 (0.80) | 4.38 (0.74) | 4.44 (0.14) | 1-7 | .62 | ||||||
|
|
Spatial presence | 5.51 (0.77) | 5.89 (0.74) | 5.63 (0.69) | 5.68 (0.19) | 1-7 | .11 | ||||||
|
|
Involvement | 4.77 (0.80) | 4.59 (1.05) | 5.13 (1.50) | 4.83 (0.27) | 1-7 | .22 | ||||||
| NASA-TLX | |||||||||||||
|
|
How mentally demanding was the task? | 12.26 (4.03) | 14.00 (3.65) | 13.65 (3.47) | 13.30 (0.92) | 1 (very low) to 21 (very high) | .36 | ||||||
|
|
How physically demanding was the task? | 4.21 (3.98) | 5.00 (4.74) | 4.95 (4.83) | 4.72 (0.44) | 1 (very low) to 21 (very high) | .90 | ||||||
|
|
How hurried or rushed was the pace of the task? | 7.74 (3.83) | 9.94 (3.17) | 8.50 (2.91) | 8.73 (1.12) | 1 (very low) to 21 (very high) | .21 | ||||||
|
|
How successful were you in accomplishing what you were asked to do? | 12.05 (4.67) | 8.78 (3.02) | 7.20 (2.95) | 9.34 (2.48) | 1 (perfect) to 21 (failure) | .004b | ||||||
|
|
How hard did you have to work to accomplish your level of performance? | 13.05 (3.70) | 13.11 (3.56) | 11.40 (4.59) | 12.52 (0.97) | 1 (very low) to 21 (very high) | .52 | ||||||
|
|
How insecure, discouraged, irritated, stressed, and annoyed were you? | 6.63 (4.68) | 7.83 (4.88) | 9.00 (5.01) | 7.82 (1.18) | 1 (very low) to 21 (very high) | .33 | ||||||
aP values between groups were calculated using Kruskal-Wallis tests due to nonnormality.
bSignificant P value <.05.