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. 2023 Jun 6;7:e42205. doi: 10.2196/42205

Table 2.

Multinomial logistic regression for levels of limitation in activities of daily living (ADL) and sociodemographic variables.


Mild ADL limitations Moderate to severe ADL limitations

Women Men Women Men

AORa P values AOR P values AOR P values AOR P values
Age group (years; reference: 60-64 years)

65-69 1.250 .10 1.018 .91 1.462 <.001 1.007 .95

70-74 1.642 .003 1.704 .001 2.110 <.001 1.319 .03

75-79 1.894 <.001 1.565 .009 2.914 <.001 1.788 <.001

≥80 2.021 <.001 3.497 <.001 3.154 <.001 1.593 .001
Residential area (reference: urban)

Rural 0.933 .33 0.905 .36 1.378 <.001 0.964 .62
Education level (reference: no education)

Having education 0.634 .001 1.009 .94 0.496 <.001 0.700 <.001
Marital status (reference: single)

Married 0.648 <.001 1.278 .07 0.949 .40 1.650 <.001
Having diabetes mellitus 1.363 .02 1.254 .08 1.185 .02 0.934 .52
Having hypertension 1.015 .86 1.38 .006 0.998 .98 1.777 <.001
BMI category (reference: normal)

Underweight (BMI<18.5) 1.35 .06 0.916 .70 1.401 .01 1.683 .005

Overweight (BMI≥25) 0.98 .83 1.49 <.001 1.295 <.001 0.947 .58
Smoking status (reference: not smoking)

Former smoking 0.954 .76 1.527 .002 1.007 .96 1.099 .27

Current smoking 0.678 .12 1.546 .001 1.070 .57 1.047 .67
Drinkers 0.679 .04 0.704 .004 0.682 .03 1.001 .99
Insufficient fruit- and vegetable-based diet 1.016 .86 1.704 <.001 0.676 .001 1.078 .41
Low physical activity 1.223 .02 2.173 <.001 1.814 <.001 1.571 <.001

aAOR: adjusted odd ratio.