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. 2023 Jun 7;11:1123621. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1123621

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Copyright © 2023 Song, Chen, Huang, Sun, Liu, Xu, Wei, Mu, Lu, Wang, Zhang, Shang, Mo, Zhang, Zhao and Han.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Epigenetic modifications of chromatin. (A). DNA methylation occurs by adding a methyl group to cytosine, thereby converting it to 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) of CpG islands. (B). DNA is packaged into a chromosome as chromatin, which is wrapped around the nucleosome structure and contains two copies each of core histone protein (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) with protruding N-terminal tails. (A) Several post-translational modifications (PTMs) can occur at histone proteins to regulate chromatin structure and gene transcription. Epigenetic PTMs of histones associated with a heterochromatin state include methylation (blue), acetylation (orange), phosphorylation (pink), SUMOylation (red), and ubiquitination (green).