TABLE 2.
Histone modifications.
| Histone modification | Effect | Gene/Target pathway | Study model | Tissue/Study method | Main results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methylation, (H3K9me1, H3K9me2 | ↑ | SNCA,L1cam, Snap25 | Drosophila, SH-SY5Y cell | Overexpression of α-SYN | impaired synaptic activity | Sugeno et al. (2016) |
| Methylation, (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) | ↓ | histone demethylase | dopaminergic neurons; 6-OHDA-induced PD rats | GSK-J4, a histone demethylase inhibitor | neuroprotection via epigenetic mechanism | Mu et al. (2020) |
| Methylation (H3K4me3) | ↑ | SNCA | PD patients | SN | Guhathakurta et al. (2021) | |
| Methylation (H3K27me3) | ↓ | SNCA | PD patients | SN | Significantly elevated methylation | Guhathakurta et al. (2021) |
| Acetylation, AcH3-Lys9 | ↓ | AGK2,SIRT2 | N27 dopaminergic neurons; PD patients | SN,Immunoblotting | Induce Neural degeneration | Harrison et al. (2018) |
| Acetylation (H3K27ac) | ↑ | SNCA | PD patients | SNImmunoblotting | increased expression of α-synuclein | Guhathakurta et al. (2021) |
| Acetylation,H2BK15ac, H3K9/14 ac, H3K27ac, H3K56ac and H4K12ac | ↑ | SNCA, PARK7, PRKN and MAPT | PD patients | fresh-frozen brain tissue; Immunoblotting and RNA sequencing | Neurodegeneration | Toker et al. (2021) |
| Phosphorylation on HDAC3 | ↑ | HDAC3 at Ser-424; deacetylation of Lys-5 and Lys-12 on histone H4 | SH-SY5Y cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) | Immunoprecipitation and western blots | Increase 6-OHDA-induced cell death | Han et al. (2017) |
| Ubiquitination H2AK119ub | ↑ | H2AK119ub/SCNA | neural stem cells | In vitro cell culture | Increase degradation of protein aggregates | Srivastava et al. (2021) |