Diagram of the experimental design and high-intensity interval training protocol. (A) The control and STZ-injected rats were each randomized into sedentary and exercise groups. Behavioral tests were performed following an 8-week HIIT treatment. Brain collections were initiated after the behavioral test. (B) The 8-week HIIT training was performed at 30-40 m/min in the first week, 45-50 m/min in the second week, 50-55 m/min in the third week, and 60 m/min from the fourth to the eighth week. The 30-minute HIIT was carried out 5 days/week with 10 bouts of 30-s sprinting and 2.5 min intervals between each episode. For the transgenic AD mouse model, the 6-month exercise training was initiated at 2 months old and ended at 8 months old with a similar habituation period and training stage. (C) Schematic diagram depicting STZ injection into the lateral cerebral ventricle of rats. (D) Barnes Maze tests in the established STZ rat model. Data represent mean ± SEM, n = 7. *P < 0.05 vs. Cont group. ns, no significant difference.