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. 2023 Jun 20;14:165. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03397-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Effect of MSC-derived exosomes in an in vitro POI model on damaged human granulosa cells (HGrC1). The therapeutic effect in HGrC1 cells was compared between untreated control (control), MSC conditioned media treatment (MSC CM), and MSC-derived exosome treatment (exosomes). A Morphology of HGrC1 cells in the control, MSC CM, and exosome groups after 24 h and 48 h of treatment. B Average number of HGrC1 cells after MSC CM and exosome treatment. C, D Steroid gene expression levels (C: Cyp19, D: StAR) in HGrC1 cells after 24 h of treatment with MSC CM and exosomes. E–K Protein expression levels of the apoptosis marker caspase-3 (E–G) and steroidogenesis markers (I–K) in western blot analysis. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. (n = 3, significance level, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0005, ****p < 0.0001; NS: Not significant.)