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. 2023 Jun 20;14:165. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03397-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Ovarian function restoration in the POI mouse model after exosome treatment. The therapeutic effect in the POI mouse model was compared between the healthy control (control), untreated POI (POI), umbilical-derived MSC exosome treatment (UC-Exo), and bone marrow-derived MSC-derived exosome treatment (BM-Exo) groups. A Estrous cycle after exosome treatment by daily vaginal smear analysis. Animal shows significantly delayed cycle (> 95% CI) is highlighted with ǂ symbol. B Average serum E2, AMH, and FSH levels in the control, POI, UC-Exo, and BM-Exo groups at 2 weeks after treatment. C Representative image of ovarian tissue with H&E staining. D Average size of the ovaries in the control, POI, UC-Exo, and BM-Exo groups at 2 weeks after treatment. E Number of ovarian follicles in the control, POI, UC-Exo, and BM-Exo groups at 2 weeks after treatment. F TUNEL assay in ovarian tissue among the control, POI, UC-Exo, and BM-Exo groups at 2 weeks after treatment. G, H Picrosirius Red staining assay in ovarian tissue among the control, POI, UC-Exo, and BM-Exo groups at 2 weeks after treatment (small image magnification: 50×; large image magnification: 400×). Data are presented as the mean ± SD. (n = 3, significance level, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0005, ****p < 0.0001; NS: Not significant.)