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. 2023 Jun 20;14:165. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03397-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Fertility restoration in the POI mouse model after exosome treatment. A Pregnancy rate in the healthy control (control), untreated POI (POI), umbilical-derived MSC exosome treatment (UC-Exo), and bone marrow-derived MSC-derived exosome treatment (BM-Exo) groups in the first breeding. B Average number of pups per litter between the control, POI, UC-Exo, and BM-Exo groups in the first breeding. C Postnatal growth rate comparison between the control, UC-Exo, and BM-Exo groups. D Representative image of delivered pups on Day 0. E Pregnancy rate of the control, POI, UC-Exo, and BM-Exo groups in the second breeding. F Average number of pups per litter between the control, POI, UC-Exo, and BM-Exo groups in the second breeding. G Ovarian tissue morphology after the second breeding. H–J Serum hormone levels after the second breeding. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. (n = 3, significance level, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0005, ****p < 0.0001; NS: not significant.)