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. 2023 Jun;193(6):829–842. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.010

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Osteoarthritis-associated arthralgia in bovine growth hormone (bGH) mice. A–C: One-year–old bGH mice exhibit increased body weight (A) and increased femur length (B), associated with significant increases in serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels (C), compared with age-matched wild-type (WT) mice [body weight: male (M) WT, n = 13; M bGH, n = 11; female (F) WT, n = 12; and F bGH, n = 16; femur length: M WT, n = 17; M bGH, n = 17; F WT, n = 15; and F bGH, n = 19; and serum IGF levels: M WT, n = 9; M bGH, n = 10; F WT, n = 9; and F bGH, n = 9]. D: von Frey test: mice were placed individually in a small cage on an elevated wire mesh. A monofilament was applied perpendicularly to the plantar surface of the hind paw until it buckles, delivered at a constant predetermined force (0.04 to 2.0 g) for 2 to 5 seconds. Both male and female bGH mice responded to a lower pressure, indicating increased sensitivity (M WT, n = 11; M bGH, n = 14; F WT, n = 13; and F bGH, n = 13). E: Hargreaves' test: the latency to respond to a thermal stimulus applied to the paw was determined by the time it takes for the mouse to withdraw the hind paw from the heat source and/or lick the hind paw. bGH male mice showed a significant reduction in the latency of a nociceptive behavior (M WT, n = 11; M bGH, n = 14; F WT, n = 15; and F bGH, n = 13). Data presented as median ± IQR (A–E). ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001.