Table 2. Factors associated with affective risk perception of COVID-19 infection by phase.
| Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | Phase 5 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | p-value for trend |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 18–29 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| 30–39 | 1.20 (0.86 to 1.68) | 1.53 (1.29 to 1.83) | 1.15 (0.94 to 1.41) | 1.11 (0.80 to 1.54) | 1.34 (1.01 to 1.77) | 0.2163 |
| 40–49 | 0.97 (0.70 to 1.33) | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.40) | 1.13 (0.93 to 1.37) | 0.92 (0.68 to 1.26) | 1.11 (0.86 to 1.44) | 0.6888 |
| 50–59 | 0.83 (0.60 to 1.14) | 1.36 (1.15 to 1.60) | 1.16 (0.95 to 1.40) | 0.88 (0.65 to 1.19) | 1.12 (0.86 to 1.45) | 0.0533 |
| 60+ | 1.11 (0.81 to 1.52) | 1.45 (1.23 to 1.70) | 1.29 (1.07 to 1.55) | 0.92 (0.68 to 1.23) | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.47) | 0.0955 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Men | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Women | 1.65 (1.33 to 2.04) | 1.46 (1.31 to 1.63) | 1.53 (1.35 to 1.74) | 1.28 (1.05 to 1.56) | 1.51 (1.27 to 1.79) | 0.0378 |
| Residential Area | ||||||
| Metropolitan | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Chungcheong | 1.00 (0.72 to 1.38) | 1.00 (0.84 to 1.19) | 0.91 (0.75 to 1.11) | 1.00 (0.74 to 1.37) | 0.97 (0.75 to 1.26) | 0.9689 |
| Yeongnam | 0.92 (0.73 to 1.17) | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.17) | 0.88 (0.76 to 1.01) | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.10) | 0.96 (0.79 to 1.16) | 0.5072 |
| Honam | 0.96 (0.69 to 1.34) | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.07) | 0.88 (0.72 to 1.07) | 0.95 (0.69 to 1.31) | 1.34 (1.00 to 1.78) | 0.3898 |
| None of the above | 0.78 (0.48 to 1.26) | 0.79 (0.61 to 1.01) | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.22) | 0.76 (0.50 to 1.18) | 0.87 (0.59 to 1.28) | 0.8735 |
| Job | ||||||
| Unemployed | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Farming/Forestry/Fishing | 1.29 (0.66 to 2.51) | 0.93 (0.65 to 1.32) | 0.67 (0.46 to 0.97) | 1.13 (0.63 to 2.04) | 1.25 (0.72 to 2.17) | 0.2707 |
| Self-employed | 0.91 (0.60 to 1.36) | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.06) | 0.89 (0.70 to 1.13) | 0.78 (0.54 to 1.11) | 0.93 (0.68 to 1.27) | 0.9578 |
| Blue-collar | 1.05 (0.72 to 1.55) | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.08) | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.07) | 0.82 (0.58 to 1.16) | 0.97 (0.71 to 1.31) | 0.9149 |
| White-collar | 1.30 (0.89 to 1.89) | 0.95 (0.78 to 1.15) | 0.84 (0.67 to 1.05) | 1.05 (0.75 to 1.47) | 0.85 (0.64 to 1.13) | 0.399 |
| Homemaker and Student | 1.20 (0.82 to 1.76) | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.12) | 0.93 (0.74 to 1.17) | 1.11 (0.79 to 1.57) | 1.13 (0.84 to 1.53) | 0.5648 |
| Self-reported Household Status | ||||||
| Upper/Upper middle | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Middle | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.14) | 1.16 (1.01 to 1.34) | 1.21 (1.03 to 1.42) | 1.25 (0.97 to 1.62) | 1.32 (1.07 to 1.63) | 0.0023 |
| Lower middle/Lower | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.23) | 1.43 (1.22 to 1.67) | 1.45 (1.22 to 1.72) | 1.37 (1.05 to 1.79) | 1.45 (1.15 to 1.82) | 0.5139 |
| Trust in the Current Government | ||||||
| Disapproval | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Approval | 0.36 (0.29 to 0.45) | 0.46 (0.40 to 0.52) | 0.78 (0.67 to 0.90) | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.09) | 0.63 (0.53 to 0.75) | <0.0001 |
| Neither/Nor | 0.41 (0.23 to 0.73) | 0.60 (0.45 to 0.80) | 0.81 (0.60 to 1.10) | 0.80 (0.52 to 1.25) | 1.10 (0.69 to 1.74) | 0.02 |
| No Opinion | 0.90 (0.54 to 1.51) | 0.63 (0.48 to 0.84) | 0.75 (0.56 to 0.99) | 0.91 (0.58 to 1.42) | 0.65 (0.46 to 0.93) | 0.6946 |
| Political Ideologies | ||||||
| Conservative | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Liberal | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.43) | 0.67 (0.58 to 0.78) | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.06) | 1.34 (1.02 to 1.75) | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.19) | 0.0002 |
| Neutral | 1.06 (0.82 to 1.38) | 0.91 (0.79 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.82 to 1.15) | 1.30 (1.01 to 1.66) | 0.94 (0.76 to 1.17) | 0.1787 |
| No Opinion | 1.74 (1.25 to 2.44) | 0.97 (0.81 to 1.16) | 1.11 (0.91 to 1.36) | 1.33 (1.00 to 1.78) | 0.85 (0.65 to 1.10) | 0.0033 |
| Confirmed Cases (log scale) | 2.47 (1.53 to 3.99) | 1.47 (1.33 to 1.63) | 4.06 (3.07 to 5.36) | 2.76 (1.82 to 4.20) | 0.90 (0.52 to 1.58) | <0.0001 |
Notes: Adjusted odds ratio (aOR), confidence interval (CI). The reported aORs are the exponentials of the fitted coefficients of the logistic regression models; the midpoint of each CI is 1. The p-values for testing the existence of a trend (p-value for trend) were calculated from the likelihood ratio test.