Table 3. Factors associated with cognitive risk perception of COVID-19 infection by phase.
| Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | Phase 5 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | p-value for trend |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 18–29 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| 30–39 | 0.78 (0.57 to 1.08) | 0.87 (0.74 to 1.03) | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.21) | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.32) | 0.80 (0.62 to 1.04) | 0.4083 |
| 40–49 | 0.67 (0.49 to 0.92) | 0.73 (0.63 to 0.85) | 0.95 (0.79 to 1.14) | 0.94 (0.72 to 1.22) | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.90) | 0.0355 |
| 50–59 | 0.40 (0.29 to 0.55) | 0.58 (0.49 to 0.67) | 0.63 (0.52 to 0.75) | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.06) | 0.54 (0.43 to 0.69) | 0.0001 |
| 60+ | 0.36 (0.26 to 0.49) | 0.39 (0.33 to 0.45) | 0.48 (0.41 to 0.57) | 0.50 (0.39 to 0.64) | 0.30 (0.24 to 0.38) | <0.0001 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Men | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Women | 0.97 (0.79 to 1.20) | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.09) | 1.06 (0.94 to 1.19) | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.09) | 0.90 (0.77 to 1.05) | 0.5238 |
| Residential Area | ||||||
| Metropolitan | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Chungcheong | 0.78 (0.57 to 1.08) | 0.97 (0.83 to 1.13) | 0.81 (0.67 to 0.97) | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.20) | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.13) | 0.4507 |
| Yeongnam | 0.75 (0.59 to 0.95) | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.09) | 0.75 (0.66 to 0.86) | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.11) | 0.82 (0.70 to 0.97) | 0.0138 |
| Honam | 0.87 (0.62 to 1.23) | 0.73 (0.62 to 0.86) | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.87) | 0.67 (0.51 to 0.88) | 0.81 (0.64 to 1.03) | 0.0009 |
| None of the above | 1.26 (0.78 to 2.03) | 0.83 (0.66 to 1.05) | 0.77 (0.59 to 1.01) | 0.76 (0.52 to 1.11) | 0.84 (0.60 to 1.19) | 0.6943 |
| Job | ||||||
| Unemployed | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Farming / Forestry / Fishing | 1.10 (0.56 to 2.16) | 0.74 (0.53 to 1.03) | 0.72 (0.50 to 1.04) | 1.04 (0.64 to 1.69) | 0.88 (0.57 to 1.36) | 0.6857 |
| Self-Employed | 1.21 (0.80 to 1.84) | 1.31 (1.08 to 1.59) | 1.08 (0.87 to 1.35) | 1.07 (0.79 to 1.45) | 1.34 (1.02 to 1.75) | 0.5473 |
| Blue-collar | 0.95 (0.64 to 1.41) | 1.23 (1.01 to 1.49) | 1.23 (1.00 to 1.52) | 1.13 (0.84 to 1.52) | 1.17 (0.90 to 1.51) | 0.9337 |
| White-collar | 1.37 (0.94 to 2.00) | 1.34 (1.12 to 1.61) | 1.39 (1.13 to 1.70) | 1.28 (0.96 to 1.70) | 1.51 (1.17 to 1.94) | 0.8283 |
| Homemaker and Student | 1.21 (0.82 to 1.78) | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.21) | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.26) | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.43) | 1.21 (0.94 to 1.55) | 0.7262 |
| Self-reported Household Status | ||||||
| Upper/Upper middle | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Middle | 0.99 (0.76 to 1.30) | 0.92 (0.80 to 1.05) | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.21) | 1.07 (0.86 to 1.33) | 1.09 (0.90 to 1.32) | 0.0237 |
| Lower middle/Lower | 0.88 (0.66 to 1.18) | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.21) | 1.16 (0.99 to 1.37) | 1.03 (0.81 to 1.30) | 1.30 (1.05 to 1.59) | 0.2846 |
| Trust in the Current Government | ||||||
| Disapproval | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Approval | 0.50 (0.40 to 0.63) | 0.61 (0.55 to 0.69) | 0.77 (0.68 to 0.88) | 0.85 (0.71 to 1.02) | 0.79 (0.67 to 0.93) | < 0.0001 |
| Neither/Nor | 0.67 (0.37 to 1.20) | 0.50 (0.38 to 0.65) | 0.66 (0.50 to 0.87) | 1.13 (0.77 to 1.66) | 1.15 (0.79 to 1.68) | 0.0007 |
| No opinion | 0.53 (0.33 to 0.85) | 0.52 (0.40 to 0.67) | 0.86 (0.66 to 1.11) | 0.72 (0.50 to 1.04) | 0.52 (0.38 to 0.72) | 0.0153 |
| Political Ideologies | ||||||
| Conservative | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Liberal | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.19) | 0.88 (0.77 to 1.01) | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.30) | 1.34 (1.07 to 1.69) | 1.02 (0.83 to 1.25) | 0.0198 |
| Neutral | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.35) | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.13) | 1.09 (0.93 to 1.26) | 1.20 (0.97 to 1.48) | 1.13 (0.94 to 1.36) | 0.5934 |
| No opinion | 0.79 (0.58 to 1.09) | 0.77 (0.66 to 0.90) | 0.75 (0.63 to 0.90) | 0.84 (0.66 to 1.07) | 0.67 (0.54 to 0.84) | 0.7028 |
| Confirmed Cases (log scale) | 1.95 (1.22 to 3.14) | 1.14 (1.04 to 1.25) | 2.36 (1.81 to 3.08) | 1.37 (0.98 to 1.92) | 0.97 (0.59 to 1.58) | < 0.0001 |
Note: Adjusted odds ratio (aOR), confidence interval (CI). The reported aORs are the exponentials of the fitted coefficients of the logistic regression models; the midpoint of each CI is 1. The p-values for testing the existence of a trend (p-value for trend) were calculated from the likelihood ratio test.