Table 16.
Between-group differences in employment levels during-COVID.
| All hhld members | Simulated PS/Respondents | Simulated PS/Respondents Reweighted | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A: Colombia | |||
| Women | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.41 |
| Men | 0.66 | 0.70 | 0.71 |
| −43% | −42% | −42% | |
| Young | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
| Adults | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.57 |
| −28% | −21% | −22% | |
| Low-educated | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.51 |
| High-educated | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.58 |
| −16% | −14% | −12% | |
| Urban | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.54 |
| Rural | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.59 |
| −8% | −9% | −8% | |
| All people | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.55 |
| Panel B: Brazil | |||
| Women | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.42 |
| Men | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.63 |
| −31% | −35% | −34% | |
| Young | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
| Adults | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.54 |
| −45% | −28% | −32% | |
| Low-educated | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.48 |
| High-educated | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.75 |
| −40% | −38% | −37% | |
| Urban | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.52 |
| Rural | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.46 |
| 18% | 15% | 14% | |
| All people | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.52 |
| Panel C: Nigeria | |||
| Women | 0.67 | 0.75 | 0.69 |
| Men | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.88 |
| −16% | −15% | −21% | |
| Young | 0.62 | 0.73 | 0.57 |
| Adults | 0.77 | 0.86 | 0.82 |
| −19% | −15% | −31% | |
| Urban | 0.68 | 0.79 | 0.67 |
| Rural | 0.76 | 0.88 | 0.82 |
| −10% | −10% | −19% | |
| All people | 0.74 | 0.85 | 0.77 |
| Panel D: Kenya | |||
| Women | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.53 |
| Men | 0.55 | 0.62 | 0.62 |
| −14% | −15% | −14% | |
| Young | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| Adults | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.60 |
| −27% | −15% | −15% | |
| Urban | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.44 |
| Rural | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.64 |
| −31% | −31% | −32% | |
| All people | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.58 |
| Panel E: Malawi | |||
| Women | 0.59 | 0.71 | 0.70 |
| Men | 0.73 | 0.89 | 0.88 |
| −19% | −20% | −21% | |
| Young | 0.43 | 0.78 | 0.73 |
| Adults | 0.74 | 0.82 | 0.79 |
| −42% | −5% | −8% | |
| Urban | 0.57 | 0.74 | 0.69 |
| Rural | 0.68 | 0.84 | 0.82 |
| −17% | −13% | −16% | |
| All people | 0.66 | 0.82 | 0.79 |
Source: Authors’ calculations based on GEIH (Colombia), PNAD-C (Brazil), NLPS-Wave 5 (Nigeria), World Bank Covid-19 Rapid Response Phone Survey (Kenya), and HFPS-Wave 5 (Malawi). Propensity score reweighting approach shown. Notes: The reweighting method presented in the last column is the inverse propensity score.