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. 2023 Jun 14;618(7966):727–732. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06059-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a,b, Calculated in-plane distribution (a) and its profile (b) of temperature rise near the active layer at a CW injection current of 110 A. From these calculations, the temperature difference ΔT between the centre and the edge of the current injection area was estimated to be 7.5 °C. c, Band-edge frequency distribution of a 3-mm-diameter PCSEL without a pre-installed lattice-constant distribution. The right axis shows the temperature change converted from the frequency. A non-uniform band-edge frequency distribution is formed due to the temperature-induced refractive index distribution. d, FFP and lasing spectrum of a 3-mm-diameter PCSEL without a pre-installed lattice-constant distribution. e, In-plane distribution of the lattice-constant variation to compensate for the temperature distribution that appears at an injection current of 110 A. f, Lattice-constant variation and corresponding temperature compensation as functions of position. g, Band-edge frequency distribution of a 3-mm-diameter PCSEL with the pre-installed lattice-constant distribution. The right axis shows the temperature change converted from the frequency. A uniform frequency distribution is realized by the mutual cancellation of the temperature-induced and lattice constant-induced changes to the band-edge frequency. h, FFP and lasing spectrum of a 3-mm-diameter PCSEL with the pre-installed lattice-constant distribution.