Table 1.
Linear regression showing changes in mean Nutrient Profile Index (NPI) scores and total energy from 2010 to 2013 for foods and beverages marketed on menu boards and signs, averaged across four major (US) fast-food chains (100 locations per chain)
| NPI scores | Total energy (kcal) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Unadjusted | |||||||||||||||
| N † | 2010 | 2013 | Adjusted | N †,‡ | 2010 | 2013 | Adjusted | |||||||||
| 2010 | 2013 | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean difference | se | 2010 | 2013 | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean difference | se | |
| General menu boards | ||||||||||||||||
| Total§ | 7558 | 7447 | 55·6 | 0·1 | 59·2* | 0·1 | 3·1*,¶ | 0·2 | 7596 | 7578 | 463·1 | 3·0 | 417·3* | 2·5 | −31·1*,¶ | 3·7 |
| Foods║ | 6438 | 6261 | 53·3 | 0·2 | 57·7* | 0·2 | 3·8* | 0·2 | 6476 | 6319 | 518·6 | 2·9 | 461·2* | 2·5 | −45·2* | 4·3 |
| Beverages║ | 1120 | 1186 | 68·7 | 0·1 | 67·3* | 0·1 | −1·3* | 0·1 | 1120 | 1259 | 142·3 | 3·3 | 197·2* | 4·3 | 54·8* | 3·8 |
| Kids’ section of menu boards | ||||||||||||||||
| Total§ | 1063 | 738 | 62·2 | 0·4 | 66·2* | 0·5 | 6·0*,¶ | 0·5 | 1125 | 738 | 221·3 | 4·5 | 172·1* | 4·7 | −57·9*,¶ | 5·7 |
| Foods║ | 591 | 485 | 55·5 | 0·5 | 62·5* | 0·7 | 6·7* | 0·8 | 653 | 485 | 278·9 | 6·5 | 205·3* | 6·7 | −74·7* | 8·6 |
| Beverages║ | 472 | 253 | 70·6 | 0·1 | 73·2* | 0·2 | 3·6* | 0·2 | 472 | 253 | 141·6 | 3·3 | 108·5* | 1·5 | −33·6* | 2·9 |
| Any signs | ||||||||||||||||
| Total§ | 2177 | 2421 | 54·2 | 0·3 | 54·5 | 0·3 | 2·2*,¶ | 0·4 | 2177 | 2441 | 388·3 | 5·6 | 382·5 | 4·7 | −33·5*,¶ | 5·8 |
| Foods║ | 1536 | 1962 | 47·9 | 0·3 | 51·5* | 0·3 | 3·4* | 0·5 | 1536 | 1962 | 497·0 | 5·8 | 426·3* | 5·0 | −66·4* | 7·1 |
| Beverages║ | 641 | 459 | 69·2 | 0·1 | 67·4* | 0·2 | −1·8* | 0·2 | 641 | 479 | 127·8 | 3·5 | 202·8* | 8·2 | 75·9* | 6·4 |
NPI is an overall nutritional quality score based on energy, sodium, saturated fat, sugar, protein and fibre( 26 ); scores range from 0 (poorest nutritional quality) to 100 (highest nutritional quality).
To convert energy to kJ, multiply kcal values by 4·184.
Indicates significant differences between 2010 and 2013 at P<0·05.
N represents the total number of times that items in each category were marketed across all stores.
N for total energy is not always the same as N for NPI scores for the same year due to missing serving size information for some of the items, which is required to calculate NPI scores.
Adjusted effects are adjusted for food or beverage and restaurant chain.
Adjusted effects are adjusted for restaurant chain.
Indicates that the interaction term between time and food or beverage was significant in adjusted models.