Table 2.
Linear regression showing changes in Nutrient Profile Index scores (NPI) and total energy from 2010 to 2013 for foods and beverages marketed on menu boards and signs at McDonald’s (100 locations in the USA)
| NPI scores | Total energy (kcal) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Unadjusted | |||||||||||||||
| N † | 2010 | 2013 | Adjusted | N † | 2010 | 2013 | Adjusted | |||||||||
| 2010 | 2013 | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean difference | se | 2010 | 2013 | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean difference | se | |
| General menu boards | ||||||||||||||||
| Total‡ | 2032 | 2061 | 53·8 | 0·3 | 58·4* | 0·3 | 4·3*,║ | 0·4 | 2032 | 2061 | 438·3 | 5·0 | 401·0* | 4·4 | −30·4*,║ | 6·9 |
| Foods | 1701 | 1673 | 50·8 | 0·3 | 56·4* | 0·3 | 1701 | 1673 | 495·9 | 4·7 | 439·8* | 4·5 | ||||
| Beverages | 331 | 388 | 69·2 | 0·2 | 66·8* | 0·3 | 331 | 388 | 142·4 | 4·8 | 233·6* | 9·2 | ||||
| Kids’ section of menu boards | ||||||||||||||||
| Total‡ | 291 | 107 | 60·3 | 0·7 | 62·7 | 1·3 | 4·3* | 1·3 | 291 | 107 | 225·7 | 9·2 | 213·2 | 12·8 | −29·1*,║ | 13·9 |
| Foods | 205 | 88 | 55·4 | 0·8 | 60·2§ | 1·4 | 205 | 88 | 270·8 | 11·5 | 230·5* | 14·7 | ||||
| Beverages | 86 | 19 | 71·8 | 0·3 | 74·2§ | 0·7 | 86 | 19 | 118·3 | 5·8 | 133·2 | 10·2 | ||||
| Any signs | ||||||||||||||||
| Total‡ | 1014 | 1223 | 56·8 | 0·4 | 56·8 | 0·4 | 3·1*,║ | 0·5 | 1014 | 1223 | 313·9 | 7·4 | 364·1* | 6·2 | 5·5║ | 7·5 |
| Foods | 584 | 917 | 47·7 | 0·5 | 53·4* | 0·4 | 584 | 917 | 449·0 | 9·2 | 411·7* | 6·8 | ||||
| Beverages | 430 | 306 | 69·2 | 0·1 | 67·2* | 0·3 | 430 | 306 | 130·5 | 3·9 | 221·4* | 10·4 | ||||
NPI is an overall nutritional quality score based on energy, sodium, saturated fat, sugar, protein and fibre( 26 ); scores range from 0 (poorest nutritional quality) to 100 (highest nutritional quality).
To convert energy to kJ, multiply kcal values by 4·184.
Indicates significant differences between 2010 and 2013 at P<0·05.
N represents the total number of times that items in each category were marketed across all stores in the given chain.
Adjusted effects are adjusted for food or beverage.
Indicates that stratified analyses were not run due to insignificant interaction term.
Indicates that the interaction term between time and food or beverage was significant in adjusted models. Stratified regressions for foods and beverages were run only if the interaction term was significant.