Table 4.
Linear regression showing changes in Nutrient Profile Index (NPI) scores and total energy from 2010 to 2013 for foods and beverages marketed on menu boards and signs, at Wendy’s and Taco Bell (100 locations per chain in the USA)
| NPI scores | Total energy (kcal) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Unadjusted | |||||||||||||||
| N† | 2010 | 2013 | Adjusted | N †,‡ | 2010 | 2013 | Adjusted | |||||||||
| 2010 | 2013 | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean difference | se | 2010 | 2013 | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean difference | se | |
| Wendy’s: general menu boards | ||||||||||||||||
| Total§ | 2007 | 829 | 55·5 | 0·3 | 59·1* | 0·4 | 2·3*,** | 0·4 | 2045 | 895 | 507·9 | 5·9 | 427·1* | 7·9 | −42·3*,** | 9·0 |
| Foods | 1839 | 673 | 54·4 | 0·3 | 57·1* | 0·5 | 1877 | 731 | 541·4 | 5·8 | 491·1* | 7·7 | ||||
| Beverages | 168 | 156 | 68·0 | 0·2 | 68·1 | 0·2 | 168 | 164 | 132·9 | 6·8 | 141·6 | 8·5 | ||||
| Wendy’s║: kids’ section of menu boards | ||||||||||||||||
| Total§ | 406 | 436 | 60·0 | 0·6 | 66·6* | 0·7 | 5·9*,** | 0·7 | 468 | 436 | 232·9 | 6·5 | 141·5* | 4·1 | −80·2*,** | 7·5 |
| Foods | 229 | 224 | 53·0 | 0·8 | 60·4* | 1·2 | 291 | 224 | 284·6 | 8·8 | 175·9* | 7·1 | ||||
| Beverages | 177 | 212 | 69·0 | 0·2 | 73·1* | 0·2 | 177 | 212 | 148·0 | 4·1 | 105·2* | 1·3 | ||||
| Taco Bell¶: general menu boards | ||||||||||||||||
| Total§ | 1556 | 2472 | 60·2 | 0·3 | 63·1* | 0·2 | 3·3*,** | 0·2 | 1556 | 2472 | 373·7 | 4·9 | 411·8* | 4·2 | 24·5* | 4·6 |
| Foods | 1319 | 2236 | 58·9 | 0·3 | 62·7* | 0·2 | 1319 | 2236 | 410·2 | 5·0 | 434·6†† | 4·3 | ||||
| Beverages | 237 | 236 | 67·5 | 0·1 | 67·0* | 0·1 | 237 | 236 | 170·3 | 7·8 | 195·4†† | 6·6 | ||||
NPI is an overall nutritional quality score based on energy, sodium, saturated fat, sugar, protein and fibre( 26 ); scores range from 0 (poorest nutritional quality) to 100 (highest nutritional quality).
To convert energy to kJ, multiply kcal values by 4·184.
Indicates significant differences between 2010 and 2013 at P<0·05.
N represents the total number of times that items in each category were marketed across all stores in the given chain.
N for total energy is not always the same as N for NPI scores for the same year due to missing serving size information for some of the items, which is required to calculate NPI scores.
Adjusted effects are adjusted for food or beverage.
Wendy’s was not included in the sign analysis due to missing data.
Taco Bell was not included in the kids’ menu board analysis because it discontinued its kids’ menu in 2013 before data collection, nor in the sign analysis due to missing data.
Indicates that the interaction term between time and food or beverage was significant in adjusted models. Stratified regressions for foods and beverages were run only if the interaction term was significant.
Indicates that stratified analyses were not run due to insignificant interaction term.