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. 2023 Jun 21;13:10115. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37018-y

Table 4.

Defect density values inside the active layer and at the interface of the device.

Parameters/Interfaces Spiro-OMeTAD/Perovskite Perovskite /TiO2 TiO2/FTO Perovskite
Defect type Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral
Capture cross-section electrons (cm2) 10–20 10–20 10–20 10–15
Capture cross-section holes (cm2) 10–20 10–20 10–20 10–15
Energetic Distribution Single Single Single Gaussian
Energy concerning the reference (eV) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Characteristic Energy (eV) NA NA NA 0.1
Total Density (cm-3) 1013 1013 1013 4 × 1013