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. 2023 Jun 21;14:3691. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39360-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Atomic resolution (V_s = −1 V, I_t = 100 pA) of type-I (down) polaron. b Atomic resolution (V_s = −0.2 V, I_t = 50 pA) of type-I (up) polaron. c Atomic resolution (V_s = 1.4 V, I_t = 10 pA) of type-II polaron. Insets images are simulated DFT images for corresponding polarons. d, e Lattice distortions and polaronic charge densities of (d) Co-centered and (e) Cl-centered polarons. Those small lattice distortions are beyond the resolution of STM. f, g Top view and (h, i) side view of the charge densities of Co-centered and Cl-centered polarons, plotted with an iso-surface of 0.01e/Å³. j, k Density of states projected on each species for Co-centered and Cl-centered polarons, with the polaronic state indicated with the black box.