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. 2023 Jun 21;14:3691. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39360-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Tunneling current on a clean CoCl₂ region with decreasing tip height Δz at 1.5 V. The initial tip height Z₀ is set at 1.5 V/10 pA. The abrupt current change hallmarks creating a type-I (up) polaron. The inset shows a schematic of the tip electric field. b Bias dependent threshold value of Δz for creating type-I (up) polarons. The red and black data sets are obtained with two different tips, and red and black curves are fitting to the respective data. c Tunneling current on a type-I (up) polaron as a function of Δz at −1.7 V. The abrupt current increase in current hallmarks erasure of the type-I (up) polaron. d Bias dependent threshold value of Δz for erasing type-I (up) polarons. The dashed line is a guide for the eyes. e Tunneling current with Δz recorded during conversion from type-I (up) to type-I (down) polaron. f Similar as (e), but for conversion from type-I (down) to type-I (up) polaron.