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. 2023 Jun 8;14:1185744. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1185744

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Copyright © 2023 Pan, Karey, Nieves-Cintron, Chen, Hwang, Hammock, Pinkerton and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Body weight (BW) and activity over the 16 weeks of study. (A). BW before exposure (week 0). There was no difference between filter air (FA)- and secondhand smoke (SHS)-exposed mice (t-test, p > 0.05). (B). Weight gain over the 16 weeks. The SHS group had significantly less weight gain (two-way repeated ANOVA). (C). Activity levels after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of exposure. SHS-exposed mice had higher activity levels (two-way repeated ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD tests). (D). Activity levels after 4 weeks of cessation from SHS. The SHS-exposed mice still had higher activity level during dark cycles (t-test). Significant main effects from ANOVA tests are indicated with “+”. *p < 0.05, FA vs. SHS. Numbers in parentheses indicate sample sizes.