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. 2023 Jun 8;14:1185744. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1185744

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Copyright © 2023 Pan, Karey, Nieves-Cintron, Chen, Hwang, Hammock, Pinkerton and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) over the 16 weeks of study. (A). HR increased over time in both FA- and SHS-exposed groups. There was no exposure effect. (B). SHS exposure lowered systolic BP (SBP) during the light cycle. (C). Diastolic BP (DBP) initially was higher in the SHS group after 4 weeks of exposure but subsequently dropped to below those of FA. The SHS group had significantly lower DBP in the light cycle 4 weeks after recovery from SHS exposure. (D). Pulse pressure (PP) was significantly lower in the SHS group that lasted for all three light cycles but recovered after the 4-week recovery period. Significant main effects from two-way ANOVA tests are indicated with “+”. *p < 0.05, FA vs. SHS. Numbers in parentheses indicate sample sizes.