Table 3. Baseline Patient-Level and Hospital-Level Characteristics of Study Population Stratified by Percutaneous Microaxial LVAD vs IABP or No MCSa.
| Characteristic | Preweighting, No. (%) | Postweighting, % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percutaneous microaxial LVAD (n = 4063) | IABP or no MCS (n = 19 415) | Standardized difference (×100) | Percutaneous microaxial LVAD (n = 4063) | IABP or no MCS (n = 19 415) | Standardized difference (×100) | |
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 72.8 (9.3) | 74.1 (9.9) | −13.6 | 73.5 (20.0) | 73.8 (11.3) | −2.2 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 2751 (67.7) | 11 513 (59.3) | 17.5 | 64.2 | 60.9 | 6.7 |
| Female | 1312 (32.3) | 7902 (40.7) | −17.5 | 35.8 | 39.1 | −6.7 |
| Race | ||||||
| Black | 302 (7.4) | 1328 (6.8) | 2.3 | 7.0 | 7.1 | −0.6 |
| White | 3470 (85.4) | 16 952 (87.3) | −5.6 | 86.5 | 86.7 | −0.5 |
| Otherb | 291 (7.2) | 1135 (5.8) | 5.3 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 1.3 |
| Dual enrollee | 717 (17.6) | 3476 (17.9) | −0.7 | 17.7 | 17.9 | −0.5 |
| Presenting AMI type | ||||||
| STEMI | 2567 (63.2) | 13 976 (72.0) | −18.9 | 64.6 | 69.9 | −11.3 |
| NSTEMI | 1496 (36.8) | 5439 (28.0) | 18.9 | 35.4 | 30.1 | 11.3 |
| Cardiac arrest on presentation | 508 (12.5) | 1952 (10.1) | 7.7 | 11.6 | 10.6 | 3.4 |
| Intubation | 2321 (57.1) | 7039 (36.3) | 42.8 | 45.4 | 40.5 | 10.0 |
| Vasopressor | 618 (15.2) | 1909 (9.8) | 16.3 | 12.4 | 10.5 | 6.1 |
| RHC/PA catheters | 598 (14.7) | 986 (5.1) | 32.7 | 8.1 | 6.7 | 5.2 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Prior PCI | 578 (14.2) | 2765 (14.2) | −0.0 | 15.1 | 14.4 | 1.9 |
| Prior CABG | 116 (2.9) | 670 (3.5) | −3.4 | 3.2 | 3.4 | −0.8 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 1376 (33.9) | 4423 (22.8) | 24.8 | 28.4 | 25.1 | 7.5 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 617 (15.2) | 3124 (16.1) | −2.5 | 16.4 | 15.9 | 1.4 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2035 (50.1) | 9183 (47.3) | 5.6 | 49.7 | 47.9 | 3.6 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1173 (28.9) | 6409 (33.0) | −9.0 | 31.7 | 32.5 | −1.7 |
| Heart failure | 2395 (58.9) | 9653 (49.7) | 18.6 | 55.4 | 51.8 | 7.3 |
| Diabetes | 2042 (50.3) | 9049 (46.6) | 7.3 | 48.7 | 47.5 | 2.4 |
| Hip/pelvic fracture | 99 (2.4) | 722 (3.7) | −7.4 | 2.9 | 3.5 | −3.0 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 3875 (95.4) | 18 602 (95.8) | −2.1 | 95.7 | 95.8 | −0.3 |
| Depression | 1234 (30.4) | 6420 (33.1) | −5.8 | 31.4 | 32.7 | −2.8 |
| Stroke/transient ischemic attack | 690 (17.0) | 3617 (18.6) | −4.3 | 18.1 | 18.4 | −0.9 |
| Breast cancer | 107 (2.6) | 709 (3.7) | −5.8 | 3.4 | 3.4 | −0.2 |
| Colorectal cancer | 82 (2.0) | 544 (2.8) | −5.1 | 2.2 | 2.7 | −3.4 |
| Prostate cancer | 251 (6.2) | 1128 (5.8) | 1.5 | 6.8 | 5.7 | 4.5 |
| Lung cancer | 41 (1.3) | 435 (2.2) | −7.3 | 1.3 | 2.2 | −7.4 |
| Endometrial cancer | 12 (0.3) | 121 (0.6) | −4.9 | 0.3 | 0.6 | −3.7 |
| Asthma | 512 (12.6) | 2565 (13.2) | −1.8 | 12.7 | 13.1 | −1.1 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 3154 (77.6) | 14 899 (76.7) | 2.1 | 77.6 | 77.0 | 1.4 |
| Hypertension | 3286 (80.9) | 15 732 (81.0) | −0.4 | 81.0 | 81.1 | −0.3 |
| Acquired hypothyroidism | 916 (22.5) | 4815 (24.8) | −5.3 | 23.5 | 24.4 | −2.1 |
| Alcohol use disorders | 179 (4.4) | 1029 (5.3) | −4.2 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 0.7 |
| Drug use disorder | 232 (5.7) | 1257 (6.5) | −3.2 | 6.1 | 6.4 | −1.0 |
| Leukemias and lymphomas | 88 (2.2) | 472 (2.4) | −1.8 | 2.1 | 2.4 | −2.1 |
| Liver disease, cirrhosis, and other liver conditions (excluding hepatitis) | 465 (11.4) | 2070 (10.7) | 2.5 | 11.0 | 10.7 | 0.8 |
| Obesity | 1138 (28.0) | 5168 (26.6) | 3.1 | 28.6 | 26.9 | 3.9 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1239 (30.5) | 6163 (31.7) | −2.7 | 31.4 | 31.7 | −0.7 |
| Tobacco use disorders | 870 (21.4) | 4756 (24.5) | −7.3 | 23.6 | 24.1 | −1.2 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||||
| Hospital size, No. of beds, mean (SD) | 476.1 (345.9) | 453.3 (308.0) | 7.0 | 466.4 (695.8) | 459.9 (360.5) | 1.2 |
| Ownership | ||||||
| For profit | 696 (17.1) | 2909 (15.0) | 5.9 | 15.2 | 15.7 | −1.3 |
| Private nonprofit | 2970 (73.1) | 14 738 (75.9) | −6.5 | 75.8 | 74.9 | 2.2 |
| Public | 397 (9.8) | 1768 (9.1) | 2.3 | 9.0 | 9.4 | −1.7 |
| Teaching status | ||||||
| Metropolitan teaching | 2940 (72.4) | 13 828 (71.2) | 2.5 | 72.1 | 71.3 | 1.9 |
| Metropolitan nonteaching | 1106 (27.2) | 5534 (28.5) | −2.9 | 27.6 | 28.4 | −1.9 |
| Rural | 17 (0.4) | 53 (0.3) | 2.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Region | ||||||
| Northeast | 543 (13.4) | 2818 (14.5) | −3.3 | 14.9 | 14.1 | 2.4 |
| Midwest | 717 (17.6) | 3360 (17.3) | 0.9 | 17.4 | 17.5 | −0.3 |
| South | 2050 (50.5) | 9478 (48.8) | 3.3 | 48.5 | 49.1 | −1.4 |
| West | 753 (18.5) | 3759 (19.4) | −2.1 | 19.2 | 19.3 | −0.1 |
| Minority-serving hospitalc | 845 (20.8) | 3497 (18.0) | 7.0 | 18.7 | 18.5 | 0.3 |
| Hospital ADI, mean (SD) | 53.2 (21.3) | 52.9 (21.6) | 1.7 | 52.6 (46.2) | 53.1 (24.1) | −1.5 |
Abbreviations: ADI, area deprivation index; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; MCS, mechanical circulatory support; NSTEMI, non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RHC/PA, right-sided heart catheter/ pulmonary artery catheter; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
a
Propensity score was calculated from a hierarchical logistic regression with hospital ID included as a random intercept.
b
Other is defined as American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Hispanic/Latino.
c
Defined as those in the top 20% of institutions ranked by the proportion of inpatient admissions that were for Black patients during the study period.