TABLE 2.

Indicators to Formulate a Surgical Health Care Investment Case

Components of an Investment Case	Indicators	Potential Data Sources
Cost	All costed activities needed to deliver the proposed reform to improve surgical health care	NSOAP
Health systems	Percentage of population with 2-hour access to timely SOA care SOA providers per 100,000 population Hospital bed density ICU bed density	MOH World Bank WHO Primary data collection Research studies
Impact	Life expectancy Maternal mortality Mortality of children aged younger than 5 years Post-cesarean section mortality rate Post-operative mortality rate Percentage of population at risk of catastrophic expenditure Percentage of population at risk of impoverishing expenditure from SOA health care	MOH Hospital registries World Bank Data World Development Indicators
Broader government goals and spillover effects	Promote economic growth Reduce inequality and poverty Promote social cohesion Attain universal health coverage Achieve regional geopolitical dominance Promote national glory Reduce fossil fuel dependence	Country statistical office Country development plan UNDP WHO World Bank IMF

Abbreviations: ICU, intensive care unit; IMF, International Monetary Fund; MOH, Ministry of Health; NSOAP, national surgical, obstetric, and anesthesia plan; SOA, surgical, obstetric, and anesthesia; UNDP, United Nations Development Programme; WHO, World Health Organization.