| metal and metal oxide NPs |
AgNPs (using
pomegranate extract) |
AgNP-coated
catheters |
S. epidermidis, S.
aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, P. mirabilis, and K. pneumoniae
|
15–25 nm/spherical,
elongated,
mixed shapes |
biofilm inhibitory effect on coated catheters
(lasted for 72 h) |
(100) |
| chitosan–silver NPs and chitosan–gold NP conjugates |
polystyrene plates |
P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. aureus. |
AgNPs and AuNPs with sizes of : 4.5 ± 20–50.2 ± 74 and 3.47 ± 2–35.50 ± 2 nm, respectively/sphere-like |
chitosan–silver
NP demonstrated anti-biofilm action,
chitosan–gold NP conjugates demonstrated mild anti-biofilm
activity |
(101) |
| AgNPs-EC and AgNPs-PVP |
urinary catheter |
clinical isolate of E. coli
|
silver NPs-PVP, silver NPs-EC, and
silver NPs-PEG with sizes
of 163.0 ± 0.9, 122.23 ± 17.61, and 79.7 ± 8.75 nm, respectively/spherical |
silver
NPs-PVP impeded biofilm formation to 58.2% and 50.8% |
(103) |
| zinc oxide NPs (FL-ZnO, OFL-ZnO, and L-ZnO) |
In vitro and in vivo studies |
C. albicans |
40 nm/hexagonal wurtzite
structure |
biofilm inhibition (more than 90% by FL-ZnO
NPs) |
(107) |
| gold NPs (AuNS10 and AuNS100) |
small intestinal sections of VcO395-infected mice |
V. cholerae biotypes: classical (VcO395) and
El Tor (VcN16961) |
AuNS10 (10 nm) and AuNS100 (100 nm)/spherical
and rod shaped |
AuNS100 demonstrated high anti-biofilm
efficacy for both biotypes;
no effect was observed by AuNS10 |
(104) |
| silver NPs from Solibacillus isronensis sp. |
polystyrene plates |
E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S.
epidermidis
|
80–120 nm/quasi-spherical
shape |
broad-spectrum anti-biofilm activities |
(99) |
| self-assembled azithromycin/rhamnolipid NPs |
polystyrene plates |
P. aeruginosa |
121 nm/negatively charged on the surface |
ability
remove the polysaccharides and proteins with potent
biofilm destruction |
(108) |
| silver NPs in combination
with biofilm-lysing enzyme (α-amylase)
and dopamine |
titanium substrates |
S. aureus biofilm |
nanoparticles (20–50 nm)
and nanoaggregates (80–100 nm) |
S. aureus growth was significantly inhibited
by Ag/PDA coatings |
(102) |
| gold NPs |
polyethylene surface |
S. aureus biofilm |
gold NPs (0.8 and 1.4 nm as core diameters) |
4:1 live/dead cells in the biofilm |
(105) |
| Zn NPs with floral extract of Clitoria ternatea
|
|
Porphyromonsas gingivalis and Alcaligenes
faecalis
|
10 nm/spherical |
bacterial
viability was reduced by 87.89% with NP treatment |
(109) |
| functionalized nanoparticles |
poly-l-lysine (HBPL)-modified manganese dioxide (MnO2)
nanozymes/poly(PEGMA-co-GMA-co-AAm) |
in vitro and in vivo studies |
P. aeruginosa, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and E. coli
|
nanosheet (1–100 nm) |
broad-spectrum anti-biofilm and antimicrobial activity |
(122) |
| quercetin (QUE) as a stable amorphous NP complex
(nanoplex) |
polystyrene plates |
P. aeruginosa PAO1 |
roughly 150–400 nm/elongated
shape |
inhibition of motility and biofilm formation at
10 and 50 μg/mL
were found to be 77 ± 6% and 65 ± 7%, respectively(comparable to native QUE) |
(119) |
| α-mangostin (AMG)-loaded NPs (nanoAMG) |
polystyrene plates |
methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain MRSA252 |
10–50 nm/shape not mentioned |
biofilm inhibition by free
AMG (40–44%), AMG with 24 μmol/L compound
inhibits biofilm (53–62%) |
(120) |
| amphotericin B-loaded trimethyl chitosan |
polystyrene plates |
C. albicans ATCC 10231 |
TMC-NPs (210 ± 15 nm) and
TMC NPs/AmB (365 ± 10 nm)/uniform
spherical shapes with smooth surfaces |
enhanced the antifungal
activity of AmB (amphotericin B) against Candida albicans biofilms |
(121) |
| cyclodextrin |
loaded gellan/PVA nanofibers incorporated eucalyptol/β-cyclodextrin
inclusion complex |
|
C. glabrata and C. albicans biofilms |
variable-length
fibres/fiber shaped |
EPNF showed inhibition up to 70%
for C. glabrata and C. albicans biofilms |
(135) |
| cysteamine-substituted γ-cyclodextrin |
|
S. epidermidis biofilms |
nanocarriers (∼30–40 nm)/toroidal shapes |
cyclodextrin nanocarriers efficiently
deliver antibiotics in
biofilms |
(133) |
| resveratrol nano vector of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins
(HPβCD) |
64 children between two and five years
of age with plaque-induced
gingivitis |
oral biofilm-causing agents (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter
actinomycetemcomitans, and Streptococcus mutans) |
|
significant reduction in dental plaque
of patients as compared
to control |
(134) |
| dendrimer and dendrimer–drug
conjugates |
supramolecular dendrimer nanosystems |
polystyrene plates |
P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. aureus
|
spherical supramolecular nanomicelles ranging from 10 to 20 nm |
prevention and eradication of
biofilm formation by both bacteria |
(141) |
| TDZ-grafted amino-ended poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (TDZ-PAMAM) |
in vitro and in vivo study |
methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) |
4 and 5 nm/spherical |
intensive penetration of
the biofilm matrix with potent biofilm
eradication activity |
(142) |
| dendritic compounds
and amphotericin |
polystyrene plates |
C. glabrata biofilm |
|
eradication
of established biofilms alone and in combination
with amphotericin |
(143) |
| PEGylated carbosilane
dendrimers alone and in combination with
phage-derived endolysin |
polystyrene plates |
P. aeruginosa |
|
biofilm
prevention and eradication activity of dendrimers alone
and in combination |
(144) |
| polymeric
nanoparticles |
amphotericin B polymer NPs show efficacy
against candida species
biofilms |
polystyrene plates |
C.
albicans and C. glabrata
|
157 ± 3 nm |
MET-AmB formulations
showed activity ∼30× lower
than AmB alone |
(148) |
| doxycycline-functionalized polymeric
NPs inhibit Enterococcus
faecalis biofilm formation on dentine |
dentine
blocks |
E. faecalis ATCC 29212 |
200 nm |
NPs displayed
potent antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis biofilms |
(156) |
| dual-species bacterial biofilms
are susceptible to polymeric
NPs |
polystyrene plates |
E. coli (IDRL-10366, DH5α), P. aeruginosa (IDRL-11442,
ATCC-19660), and MRSA (IDRL-6169,
IDRL-12570) |
∼15 nm |
PNPs showed good dual-species biofilm penetration
profiles
(broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity) |
(157) |
| antibacterial effect of functionalized polymeric NPs on titanium
surfaces using an in vitro subgingival biofilm model |
sterile titanium discs |
Streptococcus
oralis, Veillonella
parvula, Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis
|
∼150 nm |
NPs induced higher biofilm mortality
and reduced the bacterial
load |
(158) |
| polymer–drug conjugates |
antimicrobial polymer–peptide conjugates |
|
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and E.
coli (ATCC 25922) |
|
inhibits the
biofilm formation and the eradication of biofilms |
(162) |
| anti-S. aureus α-toxin-conjugated PEG-NPs
and ISMN-loaded polylactide-co-glycolide acid (PLGA) |
chronic rhinosinusitis |
inhibit S. aureus biofilms |
|
potent bactericidal activity
with low inflammatory marker expression |
(163) |
| microbubbles functionalized with AClfA1 |
microfluidic
flow chip (glass coverslip) |
S. aureus biofilms |
micrometer-sized |
∼8%
increase in the dead cell number and 25% increase
in biomass loss |
(164) |
| Cconjugated polymer nanostructures
(CPNs) as photoactivated
antimicrobial compounds |
polythiophene (PEDOT) and polyaniline
(PANI) material |
S. aureus and E. coli
|
average diameter of 40 nm and length
in the micrometer range |
strong antimicrobial activity
under UVA irradiation |
(165) |
| bchitosan–PEG–peptide
conjugate (CS-PEG-LK13) |
in vitro biofilm model |
P. aeruginosa biofilms |
∼100 nm |
CS-PEG-LK13 showed high antibacterial efficiency
(72.70%) as compared to LK13 peptide (15.24%) and tobramycin alone
(33.57%) |
(166) |
| chitosan oligosaccharide–streptomycin
conjugate (COS-Strep) |
polystyrene microtiter plates |
P. aeruginosa biofilms |
|
COS-Strep efficiently eradicated established biofilms |
(167) |
| solid lipid nanoparticle |
SLNs with anacardic acid (Ana-SLNs) |
polystyrene microtiter
plates |
S. aureus biofilm |
50–1000 nm |
significant
reduction in biofilm thickness and biomass |
(170) |
| SLNs incorporated with rifampin (rifampin-SLN) |
polystyrene
microtiter plates |
biofilm-producing S. epidermidis
|
∼100–300 nm |
time- and concentration- dependent biofilm biomass
reduction
with rifampin-SLN |
(171) |
| cefuroxime-loaded
SLNs CA-SLN |
polystyrene microtiter plates |
S. aureus biofilm |
|
twofold
higher anti-biofilm inhibition with CA-SLN |
(172) |
| white wax (Chinese) SLNs with curcumin |
catheters (polyvinyl
chloride) |
S. aureus biofilms. |
∼401.9 ± 21.3 nm |
enhanced bioavailability of curcumin and significant inhibition
of S. aureus biofilms |
(176) |
| nisin-loaded SLNs (SLN-nisin) |
in vitro assay |
Treponema denticola biofilms |
|
oral pathogen biofilm disruption |
(173) |
| nanoencapsulated tobramycin |
in vitro assay |
P. aeruginosa |
150 nm |
high anti-biofilm
potential |
(174) |
| liposomes |
liposomes incorporating antibiotics |
96-well cell
culture plate |
S. aureus Biofilms |
∼ 0.11–0.17 μm |
potent interactions of liposomes with biofilms |
(187) |
| Liposomes-in-chitosan hydrogel |
polystyrene
microtiter plates |
S. aureus and P. aeruginosa
|
200–400 nm |
boosts potential of chlorhexidine
in biofilm eradication |
(188) |
| DNase I- and proteinase
K-incorporated cationic liposomes |
polystyrene microtiter
plates |
Cutibacterium acnes |
95 and 150 nm |
liposome
penetration ∼ 85% of the biofilm thickness. |
(189) |
| dual-drug-loaded liposomes |
culture dish |
S. aureus biofilms |
∼100 nm |
potent degradation of the biofilm
matrix |
(190) |
