Table 3.
Bivariate models examining sociodemographic, regimen, and outpatient health care utilization characteristics with A1C
| Variable | A1C |
P value |
|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | ||
| Sociodemographic | ||
| Age | 0.01 | |
| < 50 | 8.70 (2.13) | |
| 50–63 | 8.10 (1.95) | |
| 64+ | 7.73 (1.58) | |
| Gender | 0.001 | |
| Male | 8.58 (2.10) | |
| Female | 7.93 (1.82) | |
| Race and ethnicity | 0.29 | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 8.25 (2.00) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 7.87 (1.88) | |
| Other | 7.96 (1.48) | |
| Education | 0.48 | |
| Fifth grade or lower | 8.19 (1.97) | |
| Sixth to eighth grade | 7.89 (1.81) | |
| Ninth to 11th grade | 7.98 (1.69) | |
| HS graduate/GED | 8.26 (2.09) | |
| More than HS degree | 8.35 (1.98) | |
| Household income | 0.01 | |
| Less than $15,000 | 7.93 (2.03) | |
| $15,000-$30,000 | 8.13 (1.81) | |
| More than $30,000 | 8.94 (1.87) | |
| Insurance | 0.001 | |
| Medicare + Medicaid | 7.60 (1.76) | |
| Medicare | 7.64 (1.84) | |
| Medicaid | 7.98 (1.76) | |
| Private/HMO | 8.36 (1.73) | |
| Self-pay/none | 8.66 (2.15) | |
| English proficiency | 0.53 | |
| Proficient | 8.08 (1.97) | |
| Limited | 8.20 (1.93) | |
| Health literacy | 0.13 | |
| Adequate | 7.73 (1.69) | |
| Limited | 8.20 (1.98) | |
| Medication regimen characteristics | ||
| Overall | ||
| Number of prescription medications | 0.19 | |
| 3–5 | 8.24 (2.02) | |
| 6–7 | 8.30 (2.03) | |
| > 7 | 7.87 (1.68) | |
| MRCI | 0.02 | |
| < 14 | 7.68 (1.68) | |
| 14–18.4 | 8.43 (2.11) | |
| 18.5–26 | 8.43 (2.16) | |
| > 26 | 8.14 (1.69) | |
| Diabetes-specific | ||
| Number of prescription medications | 0.001 | |
| 0–1 | 6.97 (1.35) | |
| 2 | 8.63 (1.79) | |
| 3+ | 8.98 (2.06) | |
| MRCI | 0.001 | |
| < 5 | 6.83 (1.17) | |
| 5–7 | 8.53 (1.83) | |
| 8–11 | 8.63 (1.88) | |
| > 11 | 9.17 (1.98) | |
| Outpatient health care utilization | ||
| Outpatient visit utilization (past 6 mo) | 0.04 | |
| 1 | 8.54 (2.15) | |
| 2 | 8.19 (1.79) | |
| 3–4 | 8.09 (2.07) | |
| 5+ | 7.63 (1.69) |
Abbreviations used: MRCI, medication regimen complexity index; HS, high school; GED, general education development; HMO, health maintenance organization.