Table 1.
Characteristics of the Participants at Baseline.
| Variables | Total (n = 103) | Experimental group (n = 51) | Control group (n = 52) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 50.9 (7.4) | 50.3 (7.8) | 51.5 (6.9) | .43 a |
| Gender (female), n (%) | 65 (63.1) | 33 (64.7) | 32 (61.5) | .74 b |
| Status (married), n (%) | 79 (76.7) | 37 (72.5) | 42 (80.8) | .32 b |
| Education, n (%) | .73 b | |||
| Primary school | 51 (49.5) | 25 (49.0) | 26 (50.0) | |
| Secondary school | 20 (19.5) | 12 (23.5) | 8 (15.4) | |
| high school/diploma and higher | 32 (31.0) | 14 (27.5) | 18 (34.6) | |
| Occupation (employed), n (%) | 86 (83.5) | 44 (86.3) | 42 (80.8) | .45 b |
| Duration of DM (years), n (%) | .73 a | |||
| <5 | 61 (59.2) | 30 (58.8) | 31 (59.6) | |
| 5-10 | 30 (29.1) | 16 (31.4) | 14 (26.9) | |
| >10 | 12 (11.7) | 5 (9.8) | 7 (13.5) | |
| Min-max, mean (SD) | 5.2 (4.9) | 6 months-20 years 5.1 (4.8) | 6 months-20 years 5.4 (5.1) | |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
| None | 8 (7.8) | 1 (1.9) | 7 (13.5) | .06 c |
| DLP | 18 (17.5) | 6 (11.8) | 12 (23.1) | .13 b |
| HT | 16 (15.5) | 6 (11.8) | 10 (19.2) | .30 b |
| DLP and HT | 61 (59.2) | 38 (74.5) | 23 (44.2) | .002* b |
| BW (kg), mean (SD) | 72.1 (15.1) | 72.1 (15.4) | 72.1 (15.0) | 1.00 a |
| SBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 132.6 (11.8) | 131.9 (11.7) | 133.3 (12.1) | .54 a |
| DBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 78.9 (8.4) | 81.0 (7.9) | 76.9 (8.5) | .01* a |
| Knowledge, mean (SD) | 8.2 (1.2) | 8.1 (1.3) | 8.2 (1.1) | .68 |
| DSCA, mean (SD) | 46.8 (15.7) | 48.6 (14.7) | 45.1 (16.6) | .26 |
| Diet consumption, mean (SD) | 32.6 (5.21) | 32.8 (4.7) | 32.4 (5.7) | .67 |
| Physical activity, mean (SD) | 2.1 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.8) | 2.1 (1.0) | .38 |
| Med adherence, mean (SD) | 34.3 (1.9) | 34.3 (2.0) | 34.4 (1.9) | .70 |
| FBG, mean (SD) | 181.1 (55.1) | 180.8 (57.6) | 181.4 (53.1) | .96 |
| HbA1c, mean (SD) | 8.31 (0.9) | 8.5 (0.9) | 8.2 (1.0) | .12 |
Abbreviations: BW, body weight; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DLP, dyslipidemia; DSCA, diabetes self-care agency; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HT, hypertension; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
a
Independent t-test.
b
Chi square test.
c
Fisher’s exact test.
*
P < .05.