Table 1.
The characteristics of training cohort patients when first ICU admission
| Variables | Survival (n=1787) | Non-survival(n=712) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 72 (62, 83) | 75 (63, 84) | 0.0565 |
| Gender (%) | |||
| Female | 773 (43.3) | 337 (47.3) | 0.0675 |
| Male | 831 (57.3) | 253 (58.4) | |
| Ethnicity (%) | |||
| White | 1209 (67.7) | 470 (66.0) | <0.001 |
| Black | 176 (9.8) | 42 (5.9) | |
| Yellow | 60 (3.4) | 22 (3.1) | |
| Others | 342 (19.1) | 178 (25.0) | |
| Weight (kg) | 78.0 (64.9, 95.9) | 76.8 (63.4, 94.0) | 0.13 |
| Admission type (%) | |||
| Elective | 191 (10.7) | 75 (10.5) | 0.722 |
| Emergency | 1095 (61.3) | 426 (59.8) | |
| Urgent | 501 (28.0) | 211 (29.6) | |
| First Care unit (%) | |||
| MICU | 739 (41.3) | 299 (42) | 0.213 |
| SICU | 706 (39.5) | 284 (39.8) | |
| CCU | 80 (11.9) | 64 (9.0) | |
| TSICU | 161 (9.0) | 49 (6.9) | |
| Others | 101 (5.7) | 16 (2.2) | |
| SOFA | 9 (6, 12) | 11.0 (8, 14) | <0.001 |
| AKI stage (%) | |||
| I | 227 (12.7) | 46 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| II | 627 (35.1) | 158 (22.2) | |
| III | 933 (52.2) | 508 (71.3) | |
| Length of ICU stay (day) | 6.54 (3.0, 12.1) | 2.86 (1.8, 4.6) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | a720 (40.3) | 242 (34.0) | 0.00356 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | a229 (12.8) | 83 (11.7) | 0.461 |
| Diabetes complicated, n (%) | 227 (12.7) | 64 (9.0) | 0.00862 |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 574 (32.1) | 182 (14.8) | 0.00123 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 452 (25.3) | 226 (31.7) | 0.0012 |
| Solid tumor, n (%) | 385 (21.5) | 179 (25.1) | 0.0563 |
| Metastatic cancer, n (%) | 187 (10.5) | 132 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| AIDS, n (%) | 16 (0.9) | 4 (0.6) | |
| Vital signsa | |||
| Heartrate_mean (min-1,mean SD) | 90.5 ± 17.2 | 96.2 ± 18.1 | <0.001 |
| Heartrate_max(min-1,mean SD) | 112 ± 23.1 | 117 ± 23.3 | <0.001 |
| Meanbp_mean (mmHg) | 71.9 (66.9, 77.3) | 69.9 (64.7, 75.3) | <0.001 |
| Meanbp_min (mmHg) | 53 (47, 59) | 50.0 (41, 59) | <0.001 |
| Resprate_mean (min-1) | 20.4 (17.7, 23.7) | 22.4 (19.4, 25.8) | <0.001 |
| Resprate_max(min-1) | 29.0 (25, 34) | 31.0 (27, 36) | <0.001 |
| Temperture_mean (℃) | 36.8 (36.6, 37.2) | 36.7 (36.4, 37.2) | 0.809 |
| Temperture_max (℃) | 37.3 (37, 38) | 37.2 (36.8, 38) | 0.0148 |
| SpO2_mean (%) | 97.0 (95.6, 98.4) | 96.2 (94.4, 97.8) | <0.001 |
| SpO2_min (%) | 92.0 (89, 94) | 90.0 (86, 93) | <0.001 |
| Urine output (mL) | 1000 (556.5, 1625) | 579 (223.8, 1102) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory parametersb | |||
| Aniongap_max (mmol/L) | 18.0 (15, 21) | 20.0 (17, 24) | <0.001 |
| Bicarbonate_min (mmol/L) | 19.0 (16, 23) | 17.0 (13, 20) | <0.001 |
| Lactate_max (mmol/L) | 2.4 (1.6, 4.2) | 3.7 (2.2, 7) | <0.001 |
| Glucose_mean (mg/dL) | 135 (111.4, 170.7) | 135 (104.5, 189.0) | 0.804 |
| Creatinine_max (mg/dL) | 1.70 (1.1, 2.7) | 2.0 (1.3, 3.1) | <0.001 |
| Chloride_min (mmol/L) | 101 (97, 106) | 100 (96, 106) | 0.0266 |
| Chloride_max (mmol/L) | 106 (101, 111) | 106 (100, 111) | 0.569 |
| Hematocrit_min (%) | 28.3 (24.2, 33) | 28.5 (23.9, 33.4) | 0.987 |
| Hemoglobin_min (g/dL) | 9.20 (7.9, 10.7) | 9.15 (7.7, 10.8) | 0.459 |
| Platelet_min (109/L) | 159 (98.5, 234) | 138 (68, 213.25) | <0.001 |
| Potassium_min (mmol/L) | 3.80 (3.5, 4.3) | 4.0 (3.5, 4.5) | <0.001 |
| Potassium_max (mmol/L) | 4.50 (4.1, 5.2) | 4.80 (4.2, 5.5) | <0.001 |
| Sodium_max (mmol/L) | 140 (136, 143) | 140 (136, 143) | 0.837 |
| INR_min | 1.40 (1.2, 1.7) | 1.50(1.2, 1.9) | <0.001 |
| INR_max | 1.50 (1.3, 2.1) | 1.80 (1.4, 2.7) | <0.001 |
| BUN_max (mmol/L) | 29.0 (22, 56) | 34.0 (28, 64) | <0.001 |
| WBC_max (109/L) | 35.0 (10.5, 21.9) | 42.0 (10.3, 23.7) | <0.001 |
| Advanced life support | |||
| Renal replacement therapy (%) | 125 (7.0) | 70 (9.8) | 0.0205 |
| Mechanical ventilation (%) | 1058 (59.2) | 492 (69.1) | <0.001 |
| Sources of infection, n (%) | |||
| Blood | 50 (2.8) | 55 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Urine | 201 (11.2) | 55 (7.7) | 0.00845 |
| Sputum | 196 (11.0) | 28 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| MRSA screen | 36 (2.0) | 9 (1.3) | 0.245 |
| Other | 52 (2.9) | 11 (1.5) | 0.0587 |
Categorical data were showed as frequency (percentage). Continuous variables with normal distributions were presented as the mean (SD, standard deviation) and compared with independent samples t tests. Non-normally distributed variables are expressed as the median (interquartile ranges), which were compared with Kruskal-Wallis test
aVital signs data were calculated as mean/minimum/maximum value during the first 24h of ICU admission
bThe laboratory parameters recorded the mean/minimum/maximum value during the first 24h since ICU admission of each included patients
SD standard deviation, CCU coronary care unit, MICU medical intensive care unit, SICU surgical intensive care unit, TSICU trauma/surgical intensive care unit, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, Meanbp mean arterial pressure, SpO2 oxyhemoglobin saturation, INR international normalized ratio, BUN blood urea nitrogen, WBC white blood cell, MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus