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. 2023 Jun 22;24:508. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06640-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Psoas and multifidus measurement using spine MRI. The psoas and multifidus muscles were drawn directly on axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. (A) The psoas muscle’s cross-sectional area (CSA) was manually selected at the upper level of the L3 vertebral body. (B) CSA of the multifidus muscle is marked at L4–5 and L5–S1 levels, respectively. (C) The fat area of muscles on the T2-weighted MR image was converted to red using the pseudo-coloring technique in the software based on the threshold. The percentage of muscle fibers (PMF) in the multifidus muscle was calculated by subtracting the red area from the CSA and multiplying it by 100