Table 2.
Mean differences from estimated marginal means of final multilevel models examining psychological outcomes over time.
| Pre- to postprogram | Postprogram to 3-month follow-up | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | MD | 95% CI | p | MD | 95% CI | p |
| GAD-7 | ||||||
| Time | −3.07 | [−4.21, −1.93] | <0.001 | −0.68 | [−3.42, 2.05] | 0.615 |
| Intervention condition | −2.41 | [−4.44, −0.38] | 0.020 | −1.65 | [−5.33, 2.03] | 0.369 |
| Time × Intervention condition | −0.89 | [−2.91, 1.14] | 0.387 | −0.67 | [−4.61, 3.27] | 0.732 |
| Pharmacotherapy | 1.22 | [−1.02, 3.47] | 0.282 | 6.29 | [1.93, 10.64] | 0.006 |
| Time × Pharmacotherapy | −2.55 | [−4.83, −0.27] | 0.029 | −1.11 | [−6.32, 4.10] | 0.669 |
| Sessions attended | 0.08 | [−0.47, 0.63] | 0.776 | 0.03 | [−1.08, 1.14] | 0.956 |
| Time × Sessions attended | −0.60 | [−1.19, −0.02] | 0.043 | −0.31 | [−1.33, 0.71] | 0.542 |
| PAS | ||||||
| Time | 2.26 | [−0.03, 4.56] | 0.053 | −0.95 | [−5.46, 3.56] | 0.671 |
| Intervention condition | 3.77 | [0.94, 6.61] | 0.010 | 5.18 | [−1.59, 11.96] | 0.129 |
| Time × Intervention condition | −0.12 | [−4.21, 3.98] | 0.955 | 4.63 | [−2.05, 11.30] | 0.167 |
| Pharmacotherapy | −0.10 | [−3.25, 3.04] | 0.948 | −2.22 | [−10.19, 5.76] | 0.577 |
| Time × Pharmacotherapy | 3.13 | [−1.46, 7.73] | 0.178 | 3.26 | [−5.17, 11.70] | 0.436 |
| Sessions attended | 0.33 | [−0.44, 1.10] | 0.393 | 1.41 | [−0.39, 3.21] | 0.122 |
| Time × Sessions attended | 1.01 | [−0.16, 2.18] | 0.089 | 0.66 | [−1.05, 2.36] | 0.438 |
| NAS | ||||||
| Time | −3.66 | [−5.42, −1.91] | <0.001 | −2.07 | [−5.39, 1.25] | 0.213 |
| Intervention condition | −4.41 | [−7.48, −1.33] | 0.005 | −1.62 | [−6.90, 3.67] | 0.538 |
| Time × Intervention condition | 0.94 | [−2.17, 4.06] | 0.548 | 0.67 | [−4.42, 5.76] | 0.791 |
| Pharmacotherapy | 1.90 | [−1.50, 5.31] | 0.270 | 4.75 | [−1.41, 10.91] | 0.127 |
| Time × Pharmacotherapy | −2.34 | [−5.85, 1.16] | 0.187 | −1.78 | [−7.99, 4.43] | 0.565 |
| Sessions attended | 0.05 | [−0.81, −0.91] | 0.909 | 0.98 | [−0.76, 2.73] | 0.258 |
| Time × Sessions attended | −1.19 | [−2.08, −0.30] | 0.010 | −0.81 | [−2.13, 0.51] | 0.221 |
| RSES-4 | ||||||
| Time | 0.98 | [0.21, 1.76] | 0.013 | 0.39 | [−1.03, 1.82] | 0.581 |
| Intervention condition | 0.59 | [−0.71, 1.89] | 0.370 | −0.02 | [−2.30, 2.27] | 0.989 |
| Time × Intervention condition | −1.05 | [−2.43, 0.34] | 0.136 | 1.47 | [−0.71, 3.64] | 0.179 |
| Pharmacotherapy | 0.50 | [−0.94, 1.94] | 0.494 | 1.07 | [−1.60, 3.73] | 0.423 |
| Time × Pharmacotherapy | 0.98 | [−0.56, 2.52] | 0.209 | 0.20 | [−2.47, 2.86] | 0.883 |
| Sessions attended | 0.05 | [−0.34, 0.45] | 0.795 | 0.06 | [−0.67, 0.80] | 0.862 |
| Time × Sessions attended | 0.09 | [−0.31, 0.48] | 0.655 | 0.12 | [−0.44, 0.68] | 0.669 |
MD, mean difference; GAD-7, generalized anxiety disorder scale; NAS, negative affect schedule; PAS, positive affect schedule; RSES-4, 4-item response to stressful events scale. Significant values are bolded. For Intervention Condition, Surf Therapy is the comparator group; for Pharmacotherapy, those who reported psychiatric pharmacotherapy use were the comparator group. Pharmacotherapy use is relative to each time point and was used as a predictor; for pre- to postprogram, preprogram usage was utilized; for postprogram to follow-up, postprogram usage was utilized. Similarly, the sessions attended variable represents those from pre- to postprogram and postprogram to follow-up, respectively, if applicable.