Table 4.
Radioligands used with the MPTP PD model in the last 5 years.
| Species Age | Model Induction Protocol | PET Timepoints | PET Tracer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) 3-5 years old (2.5-7.5 kg) [140] |
0.5 mg/kg i.v. every two weeks | Baseline and 1 month after reaching a stable motor status | [11C]DTBZ and [18F]FDG |
| TREM2-/- mice and C57BL/6 mice 8-12 weeks old [141] |
4 i.p. injections at 2- hour intervals (20 mg/kg) | C57BL/6 Days 1, 2, and 7 TREM2-/- mice Day 7 |
[11C]PK1119 and [11C]FECIT |
| Female Göttingen minipigs 1-year-old (25 kg) [51] |
3x/week - 4-week, s.c. (18 mg/kg in total - 1 mg/kg for the first 2 weeks and 2 mg/kg for the last 2 weeks) |
Baseline, 1, 3, 10 and 14 months post-model induction | [18F]FDOPA and [11C]DTBZ |
| Female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) 6.3 ± 1.3 years old (2.5-2.8 kg) [142] | Low-dose (0.2 mg/kg), i.m. - continuously until global activity was lower than 8% of baseline data | Baseline, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 weeks after model induction | [18F]FP-CIT |
| Male Sunda pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) 5.4 ± 1.0 years old [143] |
0 to 0.31 mg/kg was infused no faster than 1 ml per minute into the right internal carotid artery under angiographic control | Baseline and after 2 months (interval unclear) | [18F]FDOPA, [11C]DTBZ and [11C]CFT |
| Male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) 7.1-9.4 years old (4-6 kg) [144] | 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg (total dose: 8 and 14 mg/kg), i.v., once/week over 4 months until stable Parkinsonian syndrome was observed. The total doses of MPTP administered were between 8 and 14 mg/kg | PET measurements were started at least 2 months after the last treatment with MPTP. | [11C]DASB [18F]MPPF, [11C]PE2I, [11C]6MemTyr, [11C]raclopride or [18F]BCPP-EF (Mitochondrial Complex I Activity) |
| Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) - 3 females and 2 males 5-7 years old [145] |
Weekly intramuscular doses (0.2-0.8 mg/kg) starting at 0.2 mg/kg for 18 weeks and increasing to 0.8 mg/kg until stable parkinsonian motor symptoms were observed | Baseline, 8, 16, 24 and 38 weeks after the initiation of MPTP administration. | [18F]FEPPA and [18F]FECNT |
| Male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) 9-13years old (8-19kg) [146] |
Unilateral (right) intracarotid artery injection of 3 mg of MPTP-HCl in 20 ml of saline (rate: 1.33 ml/min) | 24 months after brain surgery | [18F]FEPPA – focusing on CD68-positive microglial/macrophage activation |