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. 2023 Jun 21;12(1):2222560. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2023.2222560

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 1. — Persisting challenges for radiotherapy and immunotherapy combinations. We surmise that the successful implementation of radiotherapy (RT) and immunotherapy (IT) combinations to a wide spectrum of oncological indications will require an improved understanding of the impact of dose and fractionation on the immunogenicity or RT, the design of treatment fields that spare circulating lymphocytes and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs), at least initially, the identification of optimal treatment schedules to maximize the interaction between RT and IT (which may depend on tumor type and specific immunotherapeutic agent) and an advanced characterization of the immunobiological effects of charged particles.