Table 1.

Types of interventions.

Intervention categories	Subcategories	Examples
Self‐delivery	Self‐guided changing cognition	– Self‐guided mindfulness therapy – Self‐guided reminiscence therapy
	Self‐guided social skills training and psychoeducation	– Solitary social skills training – Psychoeducation, e.g., gratitude
Interpersonal delivery	Changing cognition led by a health professional	– Cognitive behavioral therapy – Mindfulness therapy – Reminiscence therapy
	Social skills training and psychoeducation led by a health professional	– Friendship enrichment program – Family therapy – Psychosocial school intervention
	Healthcare support	– Hearing aids – Social prescribing (Primary care referral to support services)
	Social support	– Community navigators
Community‐based delivery	Group activities	– Activities aimed at bringing people together through shared interests as well as facilitating social connection, e.g., education or health promotional activities (gardening, exercise, or fitness program)
	Support groups	– Group‐based interventions for people with common conditions or risk factors for social isolation or loneliness, e.g., diabetes, bereavement, caregivers
	Neighborhood approaches	– Community networks – Intergenerational approaches – Meals on wheels – Lunch clubs – Spiritual‐based programs – Built environment (changes to transportation infrastructure, housing and landscape design improvements, parks)
	Age‐friendly communities	– Dementia friendly communities – Friendly schools – World Health Organization age‐friendly communities
	Volunteering	– Volunteering
Societal level delivery	Public health, healthcare, and social policies that promote social connection, address loneliness and social isolation, facilitate social cohesion and inclusion	– Frome Model of Enhanced Primary Care
	Public education and awareness of how to develop and maintain meaningful social connection and relationships	– Campaign to end loneliness
	Policies on the urban design of neighborhoods and social infrastructure of communities
	Policies on workplaces and how to initiate, maintain, and develop meaningful social connection with co‐workers and with the organization	– Internal employer policies and procedures that foster employee connection (group spaces, peer activities, mentoring programs), and government incentives to foster organizational change (e.g., tax credits to induce behavior change).
	Funding relevant research on implementing programs and policies and facilitating the rapid translation from evidence to practice and policy	– Funding relevant research on implementing programs and policies and to facilitate the rapid translation from evidence to practice and policy
Multi‐component or complex	‐	– Social skills training and mindfulness group counseling