Table 1. Demographics, baseline characteristics and radiographic findings of 65 patients with COVID-19 with T2DM.
| Clinical characteristics on admission | Normal range | COVID-19 with T2DM (N = 65) | Well-controlled (n = 35) |
Poorly-controlled (n = 30) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | – | 66 ± 11 | 67 ± 9 | 65 ± 13 | 0.536 |
| Male/Female | – | 35/30 | 22/13 | 13/17 | 0.115 |
| SBP (mmHg) | – | 131 ± 17 | 132 ± 18 | 130 ±17 | 0.750 |
| DBP (mmHg) | – | 77 ± 12 | 77 ± 13 | 76 ± 11 | 0.592 |
| Major symptoms | – | ||||
| Fever, n (%) | – | 51 (78.5) | 29 (82.9) | 22 (73.3) | 0.352 |
| Cough, n (%) | – | 39 (60.0) | 21 (60.0) | 18 (60.0) | >0.99 |
| Fatigue, n (%) | – | 31 (47.7) | 17 (48.6) | 14 (46.7) | 0.878 |
| Dyspnoea, n (%) | – | 29 (44.6) | 16 (45.7) | 13 (43.3) | 0.944 |
| Chest tightness, n (%) | – | 15 (23.1) | 8 (22.9) | 7 (23.3) | 0.964 |
| Diarrhoea, n (%) | – | 12 (18.5) | 5 (14.3) | 7 (23.3) | 0.349 |
| Myalgia, n (%) | – | 6 (9.2) | 2 (5.7) | 4 (13.3) | 0.530 |
| Anorexia, n (%) | – | 5 (7.7) | 2 (5.7) | 3 (10.0) | 0.857 |
| Comorbidities on admission | – | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | – | 41 (63.1) | 18 (60.0) | 23 (65.7) | 0.634 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | – | 13 (19.7) | 11 (30.6) | 2 (6.7) | 0.034 |
| Hyperuricemia, n (%) | – | 2 (3.1) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (3.3) | >0.99 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | – | 2 (3.1) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (3.3) | >0.99 |
| Kidney disease, n (%) | – | 2 (3.1) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (3.3) | >0.99 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | – | 3 (4.6) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (6.7) | 0.891 |
| Glucose-lowering Medication |
|||||
| Insulin n (%) | – | 42 (64.6%) | 17 (48.6) | 25 (83.3) | 0.003 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor n (%) | – | 37 (56.9%) | 18 (51.4%) | 19 (63.3%) | 0.334 |
| Metformin n (%) | – | 25 (38.5%) | 12 (34.3%) | 13 (43.3%) | 0.455 |
| Repaglinide n (%) | – | 9 (13.8%) | 6 (17.1%) | 3 (10.0%) | 0.406 |
| Glimepiride n (%) | – | 8 (12.3%) | 6 (17.1%) | 2 (6.7%) | 0.200 |
| Gliclazide n (%) | – | 7 (10.8%) | 2 (5.7%) | 5 (16.7%) | 0.156 |
| Antihypertensive medication | |||||
| CCB n (%) | – | 15 (23.1) | 9 (50.0) | 6 (69.6) | 0.334 |
| ARB/ACEI n (%) | – | 13 (20.0) | 8 (44.4) | 5 (21.7) | 0.179 |
| β-R blockers n (%) | – | 9 (13.8) | 4 (22.2) | 5(21.7) | 1.000 |
| COVID-19 Medication | – | ||||
| Antiviral | – | 63 (96.9%) | 34 (97.1%) | 29 (96.7%) | 1.000 |
| Traditional Chinese medicine | – | 59 (90.8%) | 30 (85.7%) | 29 (96.7%) | 0.275 |
| Antibiotics | – | 46 (70.8%) | 25 (71.4%) | 21 (70.0%) | 0.900 |
| Intravenous- | – | 33 (50.8%) | 17 (48.6%) | 16 (53.3%) | 0.702 |
| Immuneglobulin | |||||
| Glucocorticoids | – | 32 (49.2%) | 16 (45.7%) | 16 (53.3%) | 0.540 |
| Thymosin | – | 15 (23.1%) | 8 (22.9%) | 7 (23.3%) | 0.964 |
| Recombinant human interferon α-2α | – | 7 (10.8%) | 2 (5.7%) | 5 (16.7%) | 0.308 |
| Chest radiography and computed tomography findings | – | ||||
| Bilateral lesions, n (%) | – | 65 (100) | 35 (100) | 30 (100) | — |
| Severity of COVID-19 | – | ||||
| Common cases, n (%) | – | 46 (83.6) | 28 (80) | 18 (90) | 0.335 |
| Severe cases, n (%) | – | 16 (24.6) | 6 (17.1) | 10 (33.3) | 0.131 |
| Critical cases, n (%) | – | 3 (4.6) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (6.7) | 0.891 |
| Library Results | – | ||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 3.9–6.1 | 9.70 (7.13–15.70) | 7.18 (5.67–8.90) | 16.61 (12.1–20.23) | 0.000 |
| Leukocyte count (×109/L) | 3.5–9.5 | 6.45 (5.26–7.95) | 5.93 (5.26–7.44) | 6.59 (5.29–8.70) | 0.295 |
| Low or normal leukocyte count n (%) | – | 55 (84.6) | 30 (85.7) | 25 (83.3) | 0.791 |
| Lymphocyte count (×109/L) |
1.1–3.2 | 0.99 (0.64–1.33) | 1.01 (0.84–1.42) | 0.80 (0.54–1.17) | 0.028 |
| Lymphocyte ratio (%) | 20–50 | 14.6 (9.8–23.1) | 17.9 (10.4–27.9) | 12.35 (6.80–19.03) | 0.019 |
| Lymphopenia count n (%) | – | 40 (61.5) | 19 (54.3) | 21 (70.0) | 0.194 |
| Neutrophils count (×109/L) |
1.8–6.3 | 4.86 (3.40–6.58) | 4.40 (2.91–6.22) | 5.16 (3.84–7.41) | 0.107 |
| Neutrophils ratio (%) | 40–75 | 76.0 (66.2–85.2) | 71.80 (61.00–80.30) | 78.35 (71.78–87.48) | 0.022 |
| Abnormal Neutrophils count (<1.8 × 109 or >6.3 × 109/L) n (%) | – | 17 (26.2) | 8 (22.9) | 9 (30.0) | 0.514 |
| Red blood cell count (×1012/L) |
3.8–5.1 | 4.12 (3.71–4.32) | 4.12 (3.74–4.44) | 4.08 (3.58–4.34) | 0.617 |
| Hemoglobin content (g/L) | 115–150 | 126 (117–134) | 130 (121–135) | 121 (105.5–129.0) | 0.040 |
| Platelet count (×1012/L) | 125–350 | 214 (176–285) | 214 (169–292) | 209.5 (174.25–259.5) | 0.519 |
| CD16+56+ NK cells (cells/μL) | 84–724 | 115.0 (63.5–181.0) | 143.0 (97.0–203.0) | 83.5 (42.3–163.0) | 0.005 |
| CD19+ B cells (cells/μL) | 80–616 | 143.0 (94.0–217.0) | 146 (119–187) | 131.0 (84.5–243.5) | 0.732 |
| CD3+ T cells (cells/μL) | 723–2737 | 524.0 (304.0–862.5) | 639.0 (402.0–1,020.0) | 442.0 (247.8–777.8) | 0.042 |
| CD4+ T cells (cells/μL) | 404–1612 | 366.0 (202.0–617.5) | 420 (288–648) | 299 (170–542) | 0.107 |
| CD8+ T cells (cells/μL) | 220–1129 | 138.0 (83.5–245.5) | 176.0 (109.0–295.0) | 119.0 (71.5–199.8) | 0.029 |
| C3 (g/L) | 0.7–1.4 | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 0.98 (0.86–1.07) | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 0.403 |
| C4 (g/L) | 0.1–0.4 | 0.23 (0.18–0.33) | 0.22 (0.15–0.35) | 0.24 (0.19–0.31) | 0.698 |
| IgA (g/L) | 1.0–4.2 | 2.93 (2.39–3.93) | 2.55 (2.20–3.53) | 3.42 (2.85–4.20) | 0.029 |
| IgE (IU/ML) | <100 | 53.9 (18.3–114.5) | 39.6 (18.3–94.8) | 70.2 (20.6–118.3) | 0.242 |
| IgG (g/L) | 8.6–17.4 | 13.0 (10.9–14.8) | 12.1 (10.0–14.4) | 13.4 (11.6–15.3) | 0.244 |
| IgM (g/L) | 0.3–2.2 | 0.84 (0.67–1.09) | 0.84 (0.72–1.23) | 0.83 (0.62–0.99) | 0.206 |
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | <11.4 | 3.86 (3.55–4.34) | 3.85 (3.53–4.38) | 3.99 (3.56–4.28) | 0.885 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL) | <12.9 | 3.32 (3.04–3.81) | 3.27 (3.01–3.81) | 3.32 (3.10–3.82) | 0.422 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | <20 | 6.98 (3.93–13.91) | 6.11 (3.55–10.22) | 10.98 (4.40–22.97) | 0.030 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | <5.9 | 5.84 (5.17–7.09) | 5.77 (5.02–6.85) | 5.84 (5.25–7.35) | 0.576 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0–6 | 21.9 (5.0–76.2) | 21.9 (5.0–66.2) | 45.5 (19.5–82.1) | 0.034 |
Note:
Statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05. Abbreviation: SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; IL, Interleukin; CRP, C-reactive protein; CCB, Calcium channel blockers; ARB, Angiotensin II-R blockers; ACEI, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors.