Table 2.

Alleviating calf diarrhea through early microbiological intervention.

Treatment	Microorganisms used	Effects	Citations
Direct feeding of probiotics	Lactobacillus Bacillus strains Saccharomyces boulardii non-pathogenic Escherichia coli	Reduced incidence of calf diarrhea	Kim et al. (2011)
Oral administration of microencapsulated Lactobacillus	Lactobacillus Lactobacillus acidophilus	Enhanced colonization of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the gut and reduced severity of diarrhea	Abu-Tarboush et al. (1996) and Khuntia and Chaudhary (2002)
Addition of Bifidobacterium bifidum to milk replacer	Bifidobacterium bifidum	Reduced diarrhea and improved weight gain	Sarkar and Mandal (2016)
Addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to milk substitutes	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Promote the formation and transformation of rumen bacterial community and reduce the incidence of calf diarrhea	Krehbiel et al. (2003) and Villot et al. (2019)
Addition of Bacillus subtilis natto to calf feed	Bacillus subtilis natto	Improve the average daily weight gain and feed efficiency of calves, activate the immune system and enhance immunity	Sun et al. (2010)
Fecal microbiota transplantation	Selenomonas Porphyromonadaceae	Change intestinal microbiota and increase microbiota diversity and stability	Kim et al. (2021)
Rumen microbiota transplantation	Succinivibrionaceae Prevotella	Promote the establishment of early rumen microbiota	Bu et al. (2020)