Table 3.

Smokeless tobacco marketing exposure and smokeless tobacco use/susceptibility.

	Ever smokeless tobacco use (n = 3597)a	Susceptibility to smokeless tobacco use (n = 3097)b
	Adj OR (95% CI)	Adj OR (95% CI)
Advertising exposurec
Smokeless tobacco marketing exposure	1.17*** (1.08–1.27)	1.11* (1.02–1.21)
Susceptibility to smokeless tobacco use
No	1.00 (Ref)	N/A
Yes	2.89*** (2.05–4.09)	N/A
Age	1.16*** (1.08–1.25)	0.91* (0.84–0.99)
Race
Non-Hispanic, Whites	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Hispanic/Latino	1.26 (0.87–1.82)	1.54* (1.08–2.20)
African American	1.13 (0.61–2.09)	0.94 (0.50–1.75)
Asian ancestry	2.19*** (1.49–3.22)	1.43 (0.95–2.15)
Otherd	1.29 (0.74–2.27)	1.56 (0.91–2.68)
Sex
Male	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Female	0.77 (0.58–1.03)	0.90 (0.67–1.21)
Institution type
2-year	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
4-year	1.34 (0.69–2.60)	0.99 (0.56–1.79)
Other tobacco usee
No	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Yes	2.33*** (1.74–3.13)	2.13*** (1.58–2.87)
School-level effect	< 0.01	0.01

^aFull sample of eligible participants.

^bSubsample of non-susceptible, never smokeless tobacco users.

^cCumulative number of channels of self-reported exposure to smokeless tobacco marketing from the following categories: (1) Gas stations, convenience stores, drug stores (such as CVS or Walgreens), or grocery stores; (2) Liquor Stores; (3) Bars/Clubs; (4) Music Events/Festivals; (5) Radio/Internet Radio; (6) Internet/Online; (7) Magazines/Newspapers; (8) Billboards. Possible scores ranged from 0 to 8.

^dParticipants that reported race/ethnicity of American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or any other race/ethnicity were categorized as “Other”.

^eAny use of conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, hookah, large cigars, little filtered cigars, or cigarillos in the past 30-days.