Table 2.

Spectrum and Frequency of Bacterial Microorganisms Detected by Standard Culture Technique and FISHseq

Pathogen Species	No. Tissue Specimen (118 Specimens from 60 Wounds*)		No. Infected Wounds (53 Infected Wounds of 60 Patients*)
Staphylococcus aureus	27	22.9%	16	26.2%
Staphylococcus epidermidis	20	17.0%	9	14.8%
Enterobacter cloacae complex	13	11.0%	5	8.2%
Escherichia coli	8	6.8%	4	6.6%
Staphylococcus capitis	6	5.1%	3	4.9%
Cutibacterium acnes	6	5.1%	4	6.6%
Micrococcus sp	3	2.5%	1	1.6%
Enterococcus faecalis	3	“	2	3.3%
Klebsiella pneumoniae	3	“	2	“
Finegoldia magna	2	1.7%	2	“
Klebsiella oxytoca	2	“	2	“
Proteus mirabilis	2	“	1	1.6%
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	2	“	1	“
Enterobacteriaceae** (not further specified)	2	1.7%	1	“
Staphylococcus caprae	1	“	1	“
Acinetobacter baumannii	1	0.85%	1	“
Corynebacterium glucoronolyticum	1	“	1	“
Corynebacterium striatum	1	“	1	“
Enterococcus faecium	1	“	1	“
Methylobacterium sp	1	“	1	“
Paracoccus sp	1	“	1	“
Streptococcus agalactiae	1	“	1	“
Cutibacterium avidum	1	“
Not identifiable***	21	17.8%
Negative	10	8.5%

^*The percentage calculation refers to pathogens detected 139 times in 118 specimens (left column; right column: 61 identified pathogens in 53 wounds, in which the pathogen could not be identified in 7 wounds).

^**According to the rules of the Bacteriological Code (ICBN), Enterobacteriaceae is a family of bacteria from the order Enterobacterales, officially established in 2016. They mostly reside in the digestive tract and partly belong to the normal intestinal flora. Examples are Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae.

^***Pathogens could not be clearly identified by PCR and sequencing due to unfavorable host DNA/pathogen DNA ration, or DNA degradation.

An estimated 108 of 118 specimens were positive; 53 of 60 wounds were infected. The “ symbol indicates that the number is the same as the number in the row above.