Table 1.
Detailed study population characteristics, stratified by the presence of self-reported COVID-19 related symptoms and (non-)recovery and health impairment at 12 months after diagnosis of primary infection.
| Self-reported COVID-19 related symptoms |
(Non-) recovery and health impairment |
Overall |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No symptoms |
Symptoms |
Recovered |
Mild |
Moderate |
Severe |
||
| (N = 552) | (N = 120) | (N = 562) | (N = 72) | (N = 13) | (N = 8) | (N = 672) | |
| Age (years) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 41.1 (12.2) | 46.6 (10.9) | 41.2 (12.2) | 46.0 (11.4) | 49.2 (8.8) | 49.5 (12.8) | 42.1 (12.2) |
| Median (IQR) | 41.0 (30.8–51.2) | 50.0 (38.0–55.0) | 41.5 (30.0–51.8) | 48.0 (35.8–55.2) | 51.0 (45.0–56.0) | 53.0 (45.0–58.0) | 43.0 (31.0–53.0) |
| Range | 18–63 | 21–62 | 18–63 | 25–62 | 32–59 | 24–62 | 18–63 |
| Age group | |||||||
| 18–39 years | 249 (45.1%) | 33 (27.5%) | 250 (44.5%) | 22 (30.6%) | 3 (23.1%) | 2 (25.0%) | 282 (42.0%) |
| 40–64 years | 303 (54.9%) | 87 (72.5%) | 312 (55.5%) | 50 (69.4%) | 10 (76.9%) | 6 (75.0%) | 390 (58.0%) |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 285 (51.6%) | 79 (65.8%) | 292 (52.0%) | 47 (65.3%) | 11 (84.6%) | 6 (75.0%) | 364 (54.2%) |
| Male | 267 (48.4%) | 41 (34.2%) | 270 (48.0%) | 25 (34.7%) | 2 (15.4%) | 2 (25.0%) | 308 (45.8%) |
| Symptom count at infection | |||||||
| Asymptomatic | 67 (12.1%) | 12 (10.0%) | 70 (12.5%) | 5 (6.9%) | 1 (7.7%) | 1 (12.5%) | 79 (11.8%) |
| 1–5 symptoms | 233 (42.2%) | 33 (27.5%) | 230 (40.9%) | 25 (34.7%) | 1 (7.7%) | 3 (37.5%) | 266 (39.6%) |
| ≥6 symptoms | 252 (45.7%) | 75 (62.5%) | 262 (46.6%) | 42 (58.3%) | 11 (84.6%) | 4 (50.0%) | 327 (48.7%) |
| Hospitalisation at infection | |||||||
| Non-hospitalised | 547 (99.1%) | 115 (95.8%) | 559 (99.5%) | 69 (95.8%) | 11 (84.6%) | 7 (87.5%) | 662 (98.5%) |
| Hospitalised | 5 (0.9%) | 5 (4.2%) | 3 (0.5%) | 3 (4.2%) | 2 (15.4%) | 1 (12.5%) | 10 (1.5%) |
| with ICU stay | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 343 (62.4%) | 70 (58.3%) | 347 (62.0%) | 42 (58.3%) | 9 (69.2%) | 6 (75.0%) | 413 (61.6%) |
| Ex-smoker | 123 (22.4%) | 33 (27.5%) | 127 (22.7%) | 20 (27.8%) | 2 (15.4%) | 1 (12.5%) | 156 (23.3%) |
| Smoker | 84 (15.3%) | 17 (14.2%) | 86 (15.4%) | 10 (13.9%) | 2 (15.4%) | 1 (12.5%) | 101 (15.1%) |
| Missing | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.3%) |
| BMI (kg/sqm) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 24.2 (4.3) | 25.6 (5.1) | 24.3 (4.3) | 24.9 (4.7) | 29.9 (7.5) | 22.4 (1.9) | 24.4 (4.5) |
| Median (IQR) | 23.6 (21.5–25.9) | 24.8 (22.1–28.6) | 23.6 (21.5–26.0) | 24.5 (21.7–27.0) | 30.4 (26.0–31.1) | 22.3 (20.7–23.7) | 23.7 (21.5–26.2) |
| Range | 13–63 | 17–45 | 17–63 | 18–40 | 20–45 | 20–25 | 13–63 |
| Missing | 5 (0.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | 6 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.9%) |
| Comorbiditya | |||||||
| None | 453 (82.1%) | 79 (65.8%) | 460 (81.9%) | 49 (68.1%) | 6 (46.2%) | 4 (50.0%) | 532 (79.2%) |
| 1 comorbidity | 80 (14.5%) | 33 (27.5%) | 85 (15.1%) | 18 (25.0%) | 5 (38.5%) | 3 (37.5%) | 113 (16.8%) |
| ≥2 comorbidities | 19 (3.4%) | 8 (6.7%) | 17 (3.0%) | 5 (6.9%) | 2 (15.4%) | 1 (12.5%) | 27 (4.0%) |
| Comorbidity counta | |||||||
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.5 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) |
| Range | 0–3 | 0–2 | 0–3 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 0–3 |
| History of psychiatric diagnosis | |||||||
| None | 472 (88.6%) | 93 (78.8%) | 486 (87.7%) | 63 (87.5%) | 6 (50.0%) | 5 (62.5%) | 565 (86.8%) |
| Any | 61 (11.4%) | 25 (21.2%) | 68 (12.3%) | 9 (12.5%) | 6 (50.0%) | 3 (37.5%) | 86 (13.2%) |
| Depression | 27 (4.9%) | 18 (15.0%) | 32 (5.7%) | 5 (6.9%) | 5 (38.5%) | 3 (37.5%) | 45 (6.7%) |
| Anxiety | 12 (2.2%) | 2 (1.7%) | 13 (2.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (12.5%) | 14 (2.1%) |
| Burnout | 6 (1.1%) | 3 (2.5%) | 6 (1.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (1.3%) |
| Bipolar disorder | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.3%) |
| ADHD | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (0.4%) |
| PTSD | 4 (0.7%) | 1 (0.8%) | 4 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (12.5%) | 5 (0.7%) |
| Eating disorder | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.3%) |
| Sleep disorder | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.3%) |
| Other | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.3%) |
| Missing | 19 (3.4%) | 2 (1.7%) | 8 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0 (0%) | 21 (3.1%) |
| Education level | |||||||
| None or mandatory school | 17 (3.1%) | 5 (4.2%) | 16 (2.9%) | 4 (5.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 22 (3.3%) |
| Vocational training or specialised baccalaureate | 194 (35.1%) | 55 (46.6%) | 199 (35.5%) | 33 (46.5%) | 7 (53.8%) | 3 (37.5%) | 249 (37.2%) |
| Higher technical school or college | 165 (29.9%) | 29 (24.6%) | 173 (30.8%) | 16 (22.5%) | 2 (15.4%) | 2 (25.0%) | 194 (29.0%) |
| University | 176 (31.9%) | 29 (24.6%) | 173 (30.8%) | 18 (25.4%) | 4 (30.8%) | 3 (37.5%) | 205 (30.6%) |
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.7%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.3%) |
| Employment at infection | |||||||
| Employed or self-employed | 488 (88.4%) | 99 (82.5%) | 494 (87.9%) | 61 (84.7%) | 11 (84.6%) | 4 (50.0%) | 587 (87.4%) |
| Student | 42 (7.6%) | 4 (3.3%) | 45 (8.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 46 (6.8%) |
| Housewife/family manager | 9 (1.6%) | 1 (0.8%) | 9 (1.6%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (1.5%) |
| Unemployed | 9 (1.6%) | 10 (8.3%) | 10 (1.8%) | 7 (9.7%) | 1 (7.7%) | 1 (12.5%) | 19 (2.8%) |
| Disability insurance benefits | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (3.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.7%) | 3 (37.5%) | 4 (0.6%) |
| Other | 4 (0.7%) | 2 (1.7%) | 4 (0.7%) | 2 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (0.9%) |
| Income | |||||||
| <6′000 CHF | 149 (28.0%) | 40 (34.8%) | 156 (28.7%) | 23 (32.9%) | 3 (25.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | 189 (29.2%) |
| 6′000–12′000 CHF | 231 (43.3%) | 52 (45.2%) | 234 (43.1%) | 33 (47.1%) | 7 (58.3%) | 1 (12.5%) | 283 (43.7%) |
| >12′000 CHF | 153 (28.7%) | 23 (20.0%) | 153 (28.2%) | 14 (20.0%) | 2 (16.7%) | 3 (37.5%) | 176 (27.2%) |
| Missing | 19 (3.4%) | 5 (4.2%) | 19 (3.4%) | 2 (2.8%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0 (0%) | 24 (3.6%) |
| Nationality | |||||||
| Swiss | 465 (84.2%) | 97 (80.8%) | 479 (85.2%) | 56 (77.8%) | 9 (69.2%) | 7 (87.5%) | 562 (83.6%) |
| Non-Swiss | 87 (15.8%) | 23 (19.2%) | 83 (14.8%) | 16 (22.2%) | 4 (30.8%) | 1 (12.5%) | 110 (16.4%) |
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BMI, body mass index; CHF, Swiss Francs; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SD, standard deviation.
a
Comorbidities were assessed as any of the following: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, chronic kidney disease, past or present malignancy, or immune suppression.