Fig. 2. Percentage change in soil organic carbon (SOC) due to land-use change.

The arrows represent the effect of a land-use change on SOC, with the final land-use on the arrowhead side. The arrow sizes are proportional to the magnitude of the SOC change in reference to the initial land-use, with negative effects highlighted in orange and positive effects highlighted in green. The mean SOC changes are noted alongside the arrows. An asterisk indicates a significant effect. The numbers in the disks around each land-use type represent the number of data pairs used to calculate the SOC change. The sizes of land-use pictograms are proportional to their respective mean SOC stock values (t ha⁻¹), as provided by FAO and ITPS (2020)⁸³. Given that the mean initial SOC levels vary across different land-use types, the effect sizes (and the sizes of the arrows) expressed as percent change should be interpreted in relation to these initial levels. Details by sub-category of land-use type are available at https://rpubs.com/dbeillouin/Figure2.