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. 2023 Jun 22;14:3700. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39338-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Results are detailed for for croplands (a) forest lands (b) and grasslands (c) Diamonds and lines of the main plots represent the mean effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), respectively. The dot sizes are proportional to the number of paired data analyzed. The histograms above each plot represent the probability distribution of effects for all practices combined. The bar plots on the right side of each main plot represent the number of primary studies for each practice (bars) and the percentage of primary studies used by at least two meta-analyses (lines). Forest degradation includes the transformation of primary forest to secondary forest and secondary forest to plantation forest. Details of the information used to make this graph as well as details by sub-category of land management are available at https://rpubs.com/dbeillouin/Figure3.