Table 3.

Therapeutic implications of PD on anxiety-related disorders.

Target	Compound	Description/mechanism	Status
GABA-A receptors agonist	Benzodiazepines	Binding to the type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors and potentiating inhibitory neurotransmission	Clinical172
5-HT receptor type 1A agonist	Buspirone	Decrease the activation of the 5-HT receptor	Clinical
SSRIs	Citalopram	Inhibit neuronal reuptake of serotonin in the synaptic cleft	Clinical
	Sertraline	Selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin at the presynaptic neuronal membrane, thereby increasing serotonergic activity	Clinical
NSRIs	Venlafaxine	Inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine with a potency greater for the 5-HT than for the NE reuptake process	Clinical
Tricyclic antidepressant	TCA	Increase the synaptic level of NE and 5-HT by blocking their reuptake	Clinical
Dopamine agonist	Rotigotine transdermal patch	No results available	Phase 4 NCT02365870
	Psilocybin therapy	Recruiting, no results available	Phase 2 NCT04932434
	Buspirone	No results available	Phase 2 NCT02803749
Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor	Atomoxetine	Reduction of anxiety-like behavior in PINK1 KO mice	Preclinical171
Other	Silibinin	Improved anxious-like behaviors in MPTP-induced PD	Preclinical118
	Multi-strain probiotic (TAP)	No results available	Phase 2 NCT03968133
	Acupuncture	Not yet recruiting	Clinical Trial NCT04729010
	Acupuncture	Real acupuncture significant ameliorate anxiety in PD patients at 2 months after treatment but sham acupuncture did not	Chinese Clinical Trial ChiCTR2100047253

5-HT serotonin, NE norepinephrine, TCA tricyclic antidepressant, MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, PD Parkinson’s disease.