Table 2.

Changes in tubulin cystoskeleton in prion diseases, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Disease	Cytoskeleton change	Mechanism of changes	Model	Reference
Prion disease	Disruption of microtubule structures; decreased level of tubulin	Interaction between PrP and tubulin	HeLa cell expressing human PrP23-230	Li et al. (2011)
		Interaction between PrP and CK2 protein	HEK293 cells transfected with various PrP constructs	Wang et al. (2013)
	Reduced levels of endogenous tubulin	–	Scrapie-infected hamsters	Li et al. (2011)
	Disruption of microtubule structures	Reductions in TPPP levels	Scrapie-infected hamsters	Zhou et al. (2011)
		Reductions in MARK4 levels	Scrapie-infected hamsters; 139A-infected mice	Gong et al. (2012)
Huntington disease	Disruption of microtubule structures	Reduction of MAP2 levels	Brain specimens from patients	Cabrera et al. (2017)
	Disruption of microtubule structures and decreased level of tubulin	Reductions of levels of MAP2 and phosphorylated neurofilament	Brain specimens from patients	DiProspero et al. (2004)
	Presence of hyperacetylated α-tubulin	–	R6/2 transgenic mice	Karam et al. (2015)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Disruption of microtubule structures	Interaction between stable tubule only polypeptide (STOP) and accumulated neurofilaments	Brain specimens from patients	Letournel et al. (2003)
	Modifications of the β-tubulin group	–	Intercostal nerves from patients	Binet and Meininger (1988)