Skip to main content
. 2023 Jun 9;10:1181436. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1181436

Table 2.

Changes in study variables after 3-months of intervention.

MD (n = 18) EX (n = 11) MD + EX (n = 12) p
Body composition and dietary recalls
Weight (%) −7.2 ± 3.6α −0.6 ± 3.2 −5.3 ± 2.7α < 0.0001
Body mass index (%) −7.5 ± 3.6α −0.4 ± 3.4 −6.1 ± 2.9α < 0.0001
Waist circumference (%) −7.8 ± 4.5α −1.9 ± 3.3 −7.4 ± 3.6α 0.0009
DEXA-total lean body mass (%) −2.8 ± 2.8α −0.1 ± 2.3 −0.6 ± 2.1 0.0153
DEXA-appendicular lean body mass (%) −3.4 ± 4.4α 5.8 ± 12.5 −1.6 ± 2.7 0.0070
DEXA–total fat mass (%) −11.7 ± 13.3 −3.8 ± 4.7 −13.5 ± 8.0 0.0770
DEXA–trunk fat mass (%) −14.6 ± 13.8 −4.0 ± 4.9 −15.2 ± 8.9 0.0317
DEXA–appendicular fat mass (%) −11.1 ± 10.3α −2.9 ± 5.3 −10.2 ± 7.3 0.0375
Mediterranean score 71.5 ± 84.3 32.4 ± 64.6 69.6 ± 60.4 0.3397
Biochemistry
Glucose (%) 1.4 ± 8.1 −1.5 ± 7.0 −3.1 ± 4.8 0.2224
Insulin (%) 16.7 ± 76.8 −2.8 ± 34.9 −12.8 ± 33.9 0.3691
Homa–IR (%) 21.7 ± 108.5 30.6 ± 140 5.3 ± 64.5 0.8474
Total cholesterol (%) −0.6 ± 18.8 −1.1 ± 19.3 −6.1 ± 8.5 0.6472
HDL cholesterol (%) 2.5 ± 16.4 3.4 ± 15.6 0.4 ± 10.6 0.8830
LDL cholesterol (%) 15.8 ± 54 2.2 ± 53.0 12.6 ± 43.2 0.7816
Tryglicerydes (%) 2.2 ± 67.1 −4.3 ± 36.2 −1.6 ± 34.4 0.9456
Muscle strength, ultrasound, and CT scans
Right-hand strength (%) 1.6 ± 19.8 1.9 ± 6.6 6.3 ± 11.5 0.6789
Left-hand strength (%) 6.9 ± 17.1 7.0 ± 22.9 3.2 ± 22.8 0.8689
Right quadriceps strength (%) 5.0 ± 16.2 7.4 ± 21.2 3.8 ± 27.3 0.9224
Left quadriceps strength (%) −0.8 ± 11.4 6.1 ± 17.1 1.0 ± 16.5 0.4871
US–right RFM area (%) 5.2 ± 14.0 10.6 ± 12.0 6.9 ± 9.4 0.5239
US–left RFM area (%) 3.1 ± 13.7 7.9 ± 9.6 7.9 ± 10.5 0.4503
CT–left RFM area (%) −0.1 ± 12.5 4.6 ± 9.9 5.5 ± 14.4 0.4338
CT–left RFM.DENSITY (%) 2.2 ± 5.2 −1.1 ± 6.2 1.2 ± 7.6 0.4428
CT–Hepatic density (%) 25.0 ± 45.9 1.8 ± 15.6 17.4 ± 44.4 0.3508
CT–total abdominal fat area (%) −18.1 ± 13.7α −4.1 ± 6.7 −15.4 ± 13.6 0.0215
CT–abdominal visceral fat area (%) −15.5 ± 25.0 1.7 ± 15.7 −12.5 ± 28.2 0.1969
CT–abdominal subcutaneous fat area (%) −18.0 ± 13.0α −6.9 ± 6.2 −15.8 ± 10.6 0.0432
Exercise tests
VO2 peak (%) 8.2 ± 28.4 20.0 ± 32.3 24.6 ± 29.9 0.3110
Maximal load (%) 9.9 ± 37.0 14.9 ± 24.4 22.3 ± 26.8 0.5939
Exercise time (%) 8.6 ± 43.8 13.6 ± 41.4 9.3 ± 26.5 0.9435
Gross work efficiency (%) 1.5 ± 21.9 −5.6 ± 30.4 6.7 ± 27.8 0.5328
Activity energy expenditure (%) 11.9 ± 35.6 −4.3 ± 52.5 20.9 ± 45.4 0.5466
Physical activity level (%) 3.5 ± 7.6 0.9 ± 22.2 4.1 ± 14.8 0.8744

DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry / RFM, rectus femoris muscle/CT, computed tomography/US, ultrasound/W, watts/J, joules. Values represent % change from baseline (means ± SD), analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significant when p < 0.05–for post-hoc analysis, α = significantly different from EX Group.