Table 8.

Comparison of presence of virus antigen by immunohistochemistry in humans, other mammals and reptiles infected with WNV.

	Equids	Ruminants	Carnivores	Marine mammals	Rodents	Marsupials	Non-human primates	Reptiles	Humans
Central Nervous System
Neurons	+	+	+	+	NE	NE	+	NE	+
Glial cells	+	+	+	+	NE	NE	+	NE	-
Endothelial cells	+	-	-	-	NE	NE	-	NE	-
Heart
Cardiomyocytes	NE	-	+	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Fibrocytes	NE	-	-	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Endothelial cells	NE	-	-	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Vascular smooth muscle cells	NE	-	-	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Skin
Fibrocytes	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	-
Macrophages	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	+
Epidermal keratinocytes	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	-
Follicular keratinocytes	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	-
Feather pulp	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	-
Endothelial cells	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	+
Endocrine system
Thyroid follicular epithelium	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Adrenocortical cell	NE	-	+	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Fibrocytes	NE	-	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Infiltrating macrophages	NE	-	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE

“+” IHC positive cells; “-” IHC negative cells; “NI” infection not reported in the animal group; “NE” not evaluated. Investigation of the presence of the viral antigen through immunohistochemistry in non-avian species is rarely reported. Positivity is present in only few organs listed in the table. A more extensive overview is provided in the supplementary materials.